HRDictionary人力资源专业术语词典（全英文）

HumanResourceDictionaryBUSINESSHumanResourceDictionaryAAseeaffirmativeaction.AAAseeAmericanArbitrationAssociation.abilitytestAtestthatmeasuresnotintelligencebutanindividual’sphysicalormentalcapabilities(e.g.,manualdexterity).abilitytobenefitThelikelihoodthatapersonwillcompleteoccupationaltrainingsuccessfully.absence/absenteeismFailuretoreportforwork.Itdiffersfromtardiness,whichisfailuretoshowupforworkontime.Employerssometimesfocusonabsenteeismpurelyintermsofitseffectonproductivityandonitscosttothebusiness,butitcanalsobeanindicationofanemployee’scommitment(i.e.,itmayindicateanemployee’sdissatisfaction).Whenabsenteeismispersistent,theemployershouldhaveaninformaldiscussionwithemployeesaboutthecauses.abuse/suppressionprogramAkindofemployeebenefit,suchascompany-sponsoredweightorsmokingcessationcontrolprogram.ACAseeAmericanCompensationAssociation.acceleratedlearningAlsocalledspeedlearning.Employeetrainingdesignedtobeeffectivewithinashortamountoftime.Thetrainermustcreateapositive,interesting,andsupportiveenvironmentfortrainees.accountabilityAresponsibilityimposedonanemployeefortheeffectivenessorsuccessofaparticularactivityorseriesofactivities.Also,oftenanimplicitrequirementofajob—thatthepersongivenajobisresponsibleformakingasuccessofthatjobandwillbecalledontojustifyperformance.achievementtestOnethatmeasurestheextenttowhichapersonhasacquiredcertaininformationorskillsasaresultoftrainingorpersonalexperience.achievement-motivationtheoryAtheorythatholdsthatchallengingtasksandtheirsuccessfulcompletionelicitfeelingsofprideandaccomplishmentinemployees.Thesolutiontomotivationisthereforebelievedtobethehiringofpeoplewhohaveaneedtosucceed.ACTseeAmericanCollegeTest.actionplanAdetailedsolutionforabusinessproblem.activelisteningIncounselingortraining,thepracticeofconcentratingontheotherpersonorthatperson’smessage;givingtheotherpersonone’scomplete,undividedattention.ADAseeAmericanswithDisabilitiesAct.adaptivetestUsuallycomputerbased,thistypeoftestpresentsquestionsthatvary,dependingonthepreviousanswersofthepersontakingthetest.ADEAseeAgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct.administrativesupportservicesTraditionally,theclerical,secretarial,andaccountingstaffofanybusiness.ADRseealternativedisputeresolution.adverseactionDisciplineintheformofsanctionsorothercorrectivemeasuresdesignedtomodifyunacceptableemployeebehavior.Thisdisciplinecouldconsistofasimplereprimandorbemoreformal(e.g.,awrittenwarningorthethreatofterminationifaparticularkindofbehaviorisnotcorrected).AFBseeAssociationforFitnessinBusiness.affirmativeaction(AA)Thepracticeofgivingspecificconsiderationtoanindividual’srace,gender,ornationalorigininhiringdecisions.AAisspecificallydesignedtomaketheworkforcemorerepresentativeoftheU.S.populationandtoassistmembersofminoritieswhomayhavebeendiscriminatedagainstintheworkplaceinthepast.Itmayberequiredofemployersbyfederallaw(e.g.,recipientsoffederalcontractsmustpracticeaffirmativeaction),orderedbyacourt(againstanemployerfoundguiltyofdiscrimination),orbevoluntary.TheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC)administersfederallawsthatspecificallyoutlawdiscrimination.Voluntaryaffirmationaction,inpractice,thereforemeans“goingfurther”thanthelaw—tosetanexampleandtorectifypastwrongswithinaparticularbusinessororganization.AFL-CIOAcronymfortheAmericanFederationofLaborandtheCongressofIndustrialOrganizations,afederationof78laborunionsrepresentingnearly14millionpeople,formed(byaconsolidationofthetwogroups)in1955.Thefederationdoesnotitselfengageinunionorganizing,collectivebargaining,orpoliticalaction,butinsteadadvisesandprovidessupportservicestotheindividualunions.TheactivitiesofthefederationaremorefullyexplainedonitsWebsite:(ADEA)of1967Afederalactthatextendsantidiscriminationprotectiontothosewhoaremorethan40yearsofage.Ineffect,theADEAsaysanemployercannotdiscriminateagainstapersonbecauseofageifthepersonisotherwisecapableofdoingthejoboffered.Forexample,an80-year-oldmanmightbeincapableofperformingthedutiesofabicyclemessenger;therefore,refusingtohirehimwouldnotbeconsidereddiscrimination.Thatsamemanmightbeentirelycapableofbeingaretailsalesperson,however,andrefusingtohirehim(simplybecauseofhisage)wouldbeconsidereddiscrimination.agencyshopInlabor-managementrelations,thearrangementwherebyemployeeswhodonotbelongtoaunionmuststillpayuniondueseventhoughtheiractionsarenotcontrolledbytheunion.Theassumptionunderlyingaunionshopisthatworkersbenefitfromtheunion’seffortsincollectivebargaining(i.e.,theybenefitfromwagenegotiationsandthereforeshouldsupporttheunionfinancially).AIDAseeattention,interest,desire,andaction.AIDSawarenesstrainingThepracticeofsomeemployerstoeducatetheirstaffaboutthewaysinwhichHIVistransmittedandaboutnewdevelopmentsinHIV/AIDSresearch.Theemployer’sgoalistoprotectstaffandtoteachprevention.Insometrainingprograms,emphasisisalsoplacedonunderstandingtheproblemsoffellowstaffmemberswhomaybesufferingfromthedisease.alternativedisputeresolution(ADR)Anyprocedures—apartfromlitigation—thatcanresolveemployee/employerdisput