电子信息科学专业英语En-Unit1

电子信息科学专业英语2Unit1Microelectronicsandelectroniccircuits1-1IntroductiontoMicroelectronicsKeywordsTranslationExercisesNotes3keywordsmicroelectronics微电子学amplifier放大器bipolar双极的bias偏差；偏置capacitor电容dissipation损耗dispense分配extract抽出；释放出fabrication制造，装配，加工FET（FieldEffectTransistors）场效应管hybrid混合的，混合物Operationalamplifier运算放大器feedbackamplifier反馈放大器bipolaroruniquepolartransistors双极性或者单极性晶体管powerdissipation功率损耗4integrate综合；使完全impedance阻抗inductive电感lumpedelement集总组件monolithic独立的；完全统一的silicon硅substrate基质，底质transistor晶体管high-impedance高阻抗impedancematching阻抗匹配monolithicintegratedcircuit单片集成电路5Otherwordsinterconnection互相联络insulatingmaterial绝缘材料ceramic陶瓷activedevice有源器件couplingacsignals耦合交流信号externallumpedelement外部集总器件interconnectionnetwork互连网络interconnectionandconnectioninelectronicequipment电子设备互连与连接6Theexploringofspaceandthedevelopmentofearthsatelliteshasincreasedtheimportanceofreducingthesizeandweightofelectroniccircuits.空间探索和地球卫星技术的发展越来越强调减小电路的体积和重量。Also,eventhoughelectricityflowsquiterapidlyincomputersthetimedelayofthesignalintheinterconnectionsbetweenelectroniccomponentsisanimportantconsideration.即使电流在计算机电路中流动的非常快，在电子器件互连中的信号时间延迟也是一个非常重要的考虑因素。Iftheinterconnectionsarereducedinsize,acomputercanperformoperationsatafasterspeed.如果器件间互连的尺寸减小，电脑可以以更快的速度完成操作。7Microelectronicsinvolvestheminiaturizationofregularelectroniccircuits.微电子技术包括常规电子电路的微型化问题。Acompleteelectroniccircuit,anoperationalamplifierforexample,whichcontainslargenumbersofindividualinterconnectedcomponents,suchasdiodes,resistors,transistors,etc.maybeformedonaverysmallsinglesubstrate.一个完整的电子线路，例如，一个运算放大器，其中包括大量的相互连接的独立器件，象二极管、电阻、晶体管等，可被制造在一个很小的基底（片）上。Thecompleteminiaturizedcircuitisthencalledanintegratedcircuit(IC).这种被小型化的成块电路便称为集成电路（IC）。8Integratedcircuitsaresmall,light,rugged,andreliable.集成电路体积小、重量轻、耐用且稳定可靠。Theyrequirelesspowerandlowervoltagesthanequivalentmacroscopiccircuits;consequentlytheyoperateatlowertemperatures,andindividualcomponentsmaybeclosetogetherwithoutexceedingtheoperatingtemperaturelimit.与相当的宏观电路相比，IC电路需要更小的功率和更低的电压，因而工作温度较低，这样各独立元件便可集成在一起而不会超过工作温度极限.RelativelylittlestraycapacitanceandshorttimedelaysareproducedbecauseoftheshortinterconnectionsbetweentheindividualcomponentsinIC.由于在IC中各独立器件互连距离短，则产生较少的寄生电容和较短的时延。寄生电容9MaintenanceissimplifiedbecauseifacomponentoftheICfailsthecompleteICisusuallyreplaced.由于当一个集成电路器件发生故障时，通常该电路就会被整个替换，因此维护（维修）工作简单化了。MassproductiontechniquesofplanetechnologyhavereducedthecostofmanyICsothattheyarealmostasinexpensiveasasingletransistor.平面技术的大规模生产工艺已经降低了许多集成电路的生产成本，导致IC电路与单个晶体管的价格一样便宜。EventuallymostconventionalcircuitswillbereplacedbyIC.大多数的常规电路最终将被集成电路所取代。维护大规模生产10Therearetwotypesofbasicintegratedcircuit:monolithicintegratedcircuitandthethinorthickfilm.集成电路有两种基本类型：单晶片集成电路和薄膜或厚膜电路。MonolithicICareconstructedinasinglesubstrateofsinglecrystalsemiconductor,usuallysilicon.单晶片IC电路是以单晶体半导体（一般是硅）为单一基底制成的。ThinorthickfilmsICareformedonthesurfaceofaninsulatingmaterialsuchasglassoraceramic.薄膜或厚膜IC电路是在像玻璃、陶瓷这样的绝缘体材料表面形成的。HybridICcontainsmorethanasinglesubstrate,thetermhybridisalsoappliedtocombinationsofmonolithicandthinorthickfilmIC.而混合IC电路包括不止一种基底，这里“混合”一词含义是也用于单晶片电路和薄膜或厚膜电路的组合。11Integratedcircuitsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheirfunctions.集成电路也可以根据它们的功能来分类。DigitalorlogicalICareusedasswitches,theyareeitheronoroff.Incomputerstheonandoffstatescorrespondto0or1.OtherICiscalledlinearoranalogIC.[1]数字IC（也称为逻辑IC）通常用作开关，即接通或关断。在计算机中接通和断开状态分别对应“0”和“1”。另一种IC称为线性或模拟IC。Integratedcircuitscanbeproducedusingeitherbipolaroruniquepolartransistors.集成电路可采用双极性或单极性晶体管来生产。12Fieldeffecttransistors(FET)haveadvantagesoverbipolartransistorsinmanycaseshowever.Theyarerelativelyhigh-impedancedevices,withacorrespondingreductionincurrentandpowerdissipation,andyethavehighpowergain.而场效应晶体管在许多方面比双极性晶体管更优越，他们是高阻抗器件，其电流和功率损耗都相应降低，但具有高的功率增益。Thereductioninpowerdissipationisparticularlyimportantwhereacomplexcircuitistobeconcentratedintoasmallspace.在需要将一个复杂的电子线路集成到一小块的问题中，减小功率损耗是非常重要的。场效应晶体管功率增益功率损耗13Theproblemofextractingtheheatgeneratedinthecircuitmaythenbeadifficultone.[2]要释放集成电路工作时产生的热量是一难解决的问题。TheformofconstructionoftheFET,andparticularlytheMOSFET,alsolendsitselfwelltointegratedcircuitfabrication,andenablesresistorsandcapacitorstobeincludedreadilyintheintegratedcircuit.FET电路的结构形式，特别是MOSFET（金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管）电路结构，使它们便于IC的生产制造，并使电阻和电容这类器件容易集成到IC中。14Mostelectroniccircuitsarecomposedofactivedevices,e.g.transistorsanddiodes,togetherwithresistors(forbias,collectorload,impedancetransformation,etc.)andcapacitors(e.g.forcouplingacsignalswhileblockingdcsupplies).大多数电子线路都是由有源器件，如晶体管和二极管加上一些电阻（用于偏置，集电极加负载，阻抗变换等）和电容（如耦合交流信号隔断直流电源）一起组成。Eachoftheseelementscanbeproducedinaformsuitableforintegratedcircuitinclusionwithinlimitations,e.g.capacitancevaluesmustnotbetoolarge.每一种器件都能在一定限制条件下（例如，电容器容值不能太大）以适合IC电路的形式来制造。15Someelementsaredifficulttoproduceinasuitableform,e.g.inductiveelements,orlargecapacitors.有些器件是很难以合适的形式出现在IC电路中的，例如，感应元件或大的电容。Usuallysomealternativecircuitformcanbedevisedthatdispenseswiththerequirement.Otherwisetheymustbeincludedasanexternallumpedelement.通常采用备选电路形式供设计时选用，以分配满足这些限制要求。若没有满足要求