团队与小组管理

Chapter9WorkTeam&GroupsStrategiesforSuccessfulTeamsGroups&TeamsGroup-twoormorepeoplewithcommoninterestsorobjectivesTeam-asmallnumberofpeoplewithcomplementaryskillswhoarecommittedtoacommonmission,performancegoals,andapproachforwhichtheyholdthemselvesmutuallyaccountableCharacteristicsofaWell-Functioning,EffectiveGroupRelaxed,comfortable,informalatmosphereTaskwellunderstood&acceptedConsensusdecisionmakingPeopleexpressfeelings&ideasConflict&disagreementcenteraroundideasormethodsClearassignmentsmade&acceptedMemberslistenwell&participateGroupawareofitsoperation&functionGroupBehaviorNormsofbehavior-thestandardsthataworkgroupusestoevaluatethebehaviorofitsmembersGroupcohesion-the“interpersonalglue”thatmakesmembersofagroupsticktogetherSocialloafing-thefailureofagroupmembertocontributepersonaltime,effort,thoughts,orotherresourcestothegroupLossofindividuality-asocialprocessinwhichindividualgroupmembersloseself-awareness&itsaccompanyingsenseofaccountability,inhibition,andresponsibilityforindividualbehaviorGroupFormationFormalgroups-officialorassignedgroupsgatheredtoperformvarioustasksneedethnic,gender,cultural,andinterpersonaldiversityneedprofessionalandgeographicaldiversityInformalgroups-unofficialoremergentgroupsthatevolveintheworksettingtogratifyavarietyofmemberneedsnotmetbyformalgroupsStagesofGroupFormationMutualacceptanceFocusisontheinterpersonalrelationsamongthemembersDecisionmakingFocusisondecisionmakingactivitiesrelatedtotasksMotivation&commitmentFocusonself-andgroup-motivation,execution,achievementControl&sanctionsFocusoneffective,efficientunitJoiningGroupsSecurityStatusSelf-EsteemAffiliationPowerGoalAchievementPrestage1StageIFormingStageIIStormingStageIIINormingStageIVPerformingStageVAdjourningStagesofGroupDevelopmentGroupBehaviorModelExternalConditionsImposedontheGroupGroupMemberResourcesGroupStructureGroupProcessGroupTaskPerformanceandSatisfactionExternalConditionsImposedontheGroupOrganizationalStrategyAuthorityStructuresFormalRegulationsOrganizationalResourcesPersonnelSelectionsProcessOrganizationalCulturePhysicalWorkSettingGroupLeadersDepartmentManagerSupervisorsForemanProjectLeadersTaskForceHeadChairpersonChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)GroupRolesDefinition:Setofexpectedbehaviorpattern,attributedtosomeoneoccupyingagivenpositioninasocialunitRoleIdentityRolePerceptionRoleExpectationsRoleConflictTypesofTeamsProblemsolving-qualitycircleSelf-managedworkteams-mayresultinreductionofmanagerialpositionsCross-functional-samelevelbutdifferentworkareas?Cross-functionalProblem-SolvingSelf-managedTypesofTeamsWorkGroupsWorkTeamsShareInformationNeutral(sometimesNegative)IndividualRandom&VariedCollectivePerformancePositiveIndividual&MutualComplementaryGoalSynergyAccountabilitySkillsComparingWorkGroupsandWorkTeamsGroupsPassThroughTask-OrientedandRelationship-OrientedStages.SomeGroupsGetStuckatCertainStagesandBecomeDysfunctionalOrientationtoTaskTestingandDependenceIntragroupConflictEmotionalResponsetotheDemandsoftheTaskOpenExchangeofRelevantInformationEmergenceofaSolutionDevelopmentofGroupCohesionFunctionalRolesEmergeDissolutionofGroupSTAGE1Orientation(Forming)STAGE5Termination(Adjourning)STAGE2Redefinition(Storming)STAGE3Coordination(Norming)STAGE4Formalization(Performing)GroupsChangeTheirWaysofWorkingatMidstream,FocusingMoreClearlyonTheirGoalandBecomingMoreEffectivePROJECTSTARTSTRANSITIONPROJECTDEADLINEPerformOriginalBehaviorsDropOldBehaviorsPerformNew,MoreEffectiveBehaviors0%50%100%TIMEEXPENDEDManagersShouldConsiderSixFactorsinChoosingGrouporIndividualDecisionMakingFactorGroupIndividualTypeofproblemortaskAcceptanceofdecisionQualityofthesolutionCharacteristicsofindividualsWhendiverseknowledgeandskillsarerequiredWhenacceptancebygroupmembersisvaluedWhentheinputofseveralgroupmemberscanim-provethesolutionWhengroupmembershaveexperiencedworkingtogetherWhenefficiencyisdesiredWhenacceptanceisnotimportantWhena“bestmember”canbeidentifiedWhenindividualscannotcollaborateManagersShouldConsiderSixFactorsinChoosingGrouporIndividualDecisionMaking(Cont.)FactorGroupIndividualOrganizationalcultureAmountoftimeavailableWhentheculturesupportsgroupproblemsolvingWhenrelativelymoretimeisavailableWhencultureiscompetitiveWhenrelativelylittletimeisavailableTable6-1bCohesiveness&ProductivityHighlycohesivegroupsaregenerallymoreproductiveCohesivenessreducestensionandprovidesasupportiveenvironmentGroupnormsplayanimportantroleincohesivenessSettingStandardsMissionValuesLogisticalArrangementsDecisionMakingConflictGroupmembershelptodevelop,follow,andenforcetherules,policies,andproceduresofthegroup.Suchrulesmayrangefromsimpleones,likebeginningontime,tomorecomplexpolicies,suchasprocedurestoarriveatconsensus.GroupCohesivenessTimeSpentTogetherSeverityofInitiationGroupSizeExternalThreatsPreviousSuccessesGroupthinkIrvingJanis’ModelAntecedentConditions+CohesivenessGroupthinkSymptomsGroupthinkSymptomsLowProbabilityofSuccessGroupthinkCharacteristicsPowerfulSocialPressuresConcurrenceSeekingDehumanizingSolutionsSuppressionofDeviantThoughtsStressManagersShouldAvoidGroupt