H.D.Brown语言学习与语言教学的原则第3版笔记和课后习题详解资料-

H.D.Brown《语言学习与语言教学的原则》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇行公总号-精研学习网-查找资料第1章语言，语言学习和语言教学1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.Thedefinitionoflanguage语言的定义2.TheGrammarTranslationMethod语法翻译法本章考点：1.语言的定义；2.学习和教学的定义；3.课堂教学：语法翻译法。本章内容索引：Ⅰ.LanguageⅡ.Learningandteaching1.Learning2.TeachingⅢ.TheGrammarTranslationMethodⅠ.Language（语言的定义）Aconsolidationofthedefinitionsoflanguageyieldsthefollowingcompositedefinitions.1.Languageissystematicandgenerative.2.Languageisasetofarbitrarysymbols.3.Thosesymbolsareprimarilyvocal,butmayalsobevisual.4.Thesymbolshaveconventionalizedmeaningstowhichtheyrefer.5.Languageisusedforcommunication.6.Languageoperatesinaspeechcommunityorculture.7.Languageisessentiallyhuman,althoughpossiblynotlimitedtohumans.8.Languageisacquiredbyallpeopleinmuchthesameway-languageandlanguagelearningbothhaveuniversalcharacteristics.语言的定义可以从以下8个方面来理解：1.语言是系统的、生成的；2.语言是一套任意的符号；3.这些符号主要是声音的，但也可能是视觉的；4.符号有特定的含义；5.语言用于交际；6.语言在语言社区或文化中起作用；7.语言从根本上来说是人类语言，尽管语言可能不只限于人类世界；8.人们学习语言的方式大体相似，语言和语言学习具有普遍特征。Ⅱ.Learningandteaching（学习和教学的定义）1.Learning（学习）Breakingdownthecomponentsofthedefinitionoflearning,wecanextractdomainsofresearchandinquiry:(1)Learningisacquisitionor“getting”.(2)Learningisretentionofinformationorskill.(3)Retentionimpliesstoragesystems,memory,cognitiveorganization.(4)Learninginvolvesactive,consciousfocusonandactinguponeventsoutsideorinsidetheorganism.(5)Learningisrelativelypermanentbutsubjecttoforgetting.(6)Learninginvolvessomeformofpractice,perhapsreinforcedpractice.(7)Learningisachangeinbehavior.学习的定义可以从以下7个方面来理解：（1）学习是习得或“获得”；（2）学习是保留信息或技巧；（3）保留需要存储系统，记忆力，认知结构；（4）学习包括对有机体的内外事件做出主动的、有意识的关注，并对其做出反应；（5）学习相对持久，但会遗忘；（6）学习涉及某些形式的练习，也许是强化练习；（7）学习是行为的改变。2.Teaching（教学）Atheoryofinstructionshouldspecifythefollowingfeatures:(1)Theexperienceswhichmosteffectivelyimplantintheindividualapredispositiontowardlearning.(2)Thewaysinwhichabodyofknowledgeshouldbestructuredsothatitcanbemostreadilygraspedbythelearner.(3)Themosteffectivesequencesinwhichtopresentthematerialstobelearned.(4)Thenatureandpacingofrewardsandpunishmentsintheprocessoflearningandteaching.教学的定义应该包含以下4个方面：（1）在个体学习的倾向中最有效收获的经验；（2）将一定量的知识以学习者最容易理解的方式进行组织；（3）呈现学习材料的最有效的顺序；（4）学习和教学过程中的奖惩的本质和频率。Ⅲ.TheGrammarTranslationMethod（语法翻译法）ThemajorcharacteristicsofGrammarTranslation:1.Classesaretaughtinthemothertongue,withlittleactiveuseofthetargetlanguage.2.Muchvocabularyistaughtintheformoflistsofisolatedwords.3.Longelaborateexplanationsoftheintricaciesofgrammararegiven.4.Grammarprovidestherulesforputtingwordstogether,andinstructionoftenfocusesontheformandinflectionofwords.5.Readingofdifficultclassicaltextsisbegunearly.6.Littleattentionispaidtothecontentoftexts,whicharetreatedasexercisesingrammaticalanalysis.7.Oftentheonlydrillsareexercisesintranslatingdisconnectedsentencesfromthetargetlanguageintothemothertongue.