高中化学全套化学公式大全

化学方程式一、非金属单质(F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H)1、氧化性：F2+H2==2HF==(阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)==XeF22F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4==(XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)nF2+2M==2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O==4HF+O2==(水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH==2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl==2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr==2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI==2NaF+I27F2(过量)+I2==2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)==2ClF==(ClF属于类卤素：ClF+H2O==HF+HClO==)3F2(过量)+Cl2==2ClF3==(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3==)Cl2+H2==2HCl==(将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P==2PCl3==Cl2+PCl3==PCl5==Cl2+2Na==2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe==2FeCl3==Cl2+Cu==CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2==2FeCl3==(在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+==2Fe3++3Cl==)Cl2+2NaBr==2NaCl+Br2==Cl2+2Br===2Cl==+Br2Cl2+2KI==2KCl+I2==Cl2+2I===2Cl==+I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O==6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O==2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+Cl2+Na2S==2NaCl+S↓==Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓Cl2+H2S==2HCl+S↓==(水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O==H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2==2HCl+O2==Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O22O2+3Fe==Fe3O4==O2+K==KO2S+H2==H2S==2S+C==CS2==S+Zn==ZnSS+Fe==FeS==(既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取)S+2Cu==Cu2S==(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)3S+2Al==Al2S3==(只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取)N2+3H2==2NH3==N2+3Mg==Mg3N2==N2+3Ca==Ca3N2N2+3Ba==Ba3N2==N2+6Na==2Na3N==N2+6K==2K3NN2+6Rb==2Rb3N==N2+2Al==2AlNP4+6H2==4PH3==P+3Na==Na3P==2P+3Zn==Zn3P2H2+2Li==2LiH2、还原性S+O2==SO2S+H2SO4(浓)==3SO2↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)==H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H++6NO3-==6NO2↑+2H2O+H2SO43S+4HNO3(稀)==3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H++4==3SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O2==2NO4P+5O2==P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2==2PX3(X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)PX3+X2==PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)==4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2OC+2F2==CF4C+2Cl2==CCl4C+O2(足量)==CO22C+O2(少量)==2COC+CO2==2COC+H2O==CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2==Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2==SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2==Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2==SiO2Si+C==SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑==(Si+2OH==+H2O===+2H2↑)3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化：==(Cl2+H2O==H++Cl–+HClO)Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O==(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O==(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓)==5KCl+KClO3+3H2O==(3Cl2+6OH–==5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)3S+6NaOH==2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O==(3S+6OH–==2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2==(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO==CaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2==SiC+2CO↑二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性2Na+H2==2NaH==4Na+O2==2Na2O==2Na2O+O2==2Na2O22Na+O2==Na2O2==2Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑==2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑==2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl4==4NaCl+Ti==Mg+Cl2==MgCl2==Mg+Br2==MgBr22Mg+O2==2MgO==Mg+S==MgS2Cu+S==Cu2S==(Cu2S只能由单质制备)Mg+2H2O==Mg(OH)2+H2↑2Mg+TiCl4==Ti+2MgCl2==Mg+2RbCl==MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2==2MgO+C==2Mg+SiO2==2MgO+SiMg+H2S==MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑==(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)2Al+3Cl2==2AlCl34Al+3O2==2Al2O3==(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O==2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)4Al+3MnO2==2Al2O3+3Mn==2Al+Cr2O3==Al2O3+2Cr==(铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3==Al2O3+2Fe==2Al+3FeO==Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl==2AlCl3+3H2↑==2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4==Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑==2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)==Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O==(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO3(稀)==Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O==Al+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O==2NaAlO2+3H2↑==2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2==2FeBr3==3Fe+2O2==Fe3O4==2Fe+O2==2FeO==(炼钢过程)Fe+I2==FeI2Fe+S==FeS==(FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)==Fe3O4+4H2↑Fe+2HCl==FeCl2+H2↑==Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑Fe+CuCl2==FeCl2+Cu==Fe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓Fe+SnCl4==FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓==Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)==金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2==MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+MnO2==Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2==PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+PbO2==Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2==2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4==2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O16==H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7==2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2==4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2==(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2==(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)==2SO2+2H2O==2H2S+O2(少量)==2S↓+2H2O2H2S+SO2==3S↓+2H2O==H2S+H2SO4(浓)==S↓+SO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)==3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4==2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4==Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+==2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O==Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++==+2NH3+3CuO==3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2==N2+6HCl==8NH3+3Cl2==N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧)==2N2+6H2O==4NH3+5O2==4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO==5N2+6H2O==(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O==NaOH+H2↑==(生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4==Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑==CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑2、酸性:4HF+SiO2==SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si==SiF4+2H2↑2HF+CaCl2==CaF2+2HCl==H2S+Fe==FeS↓+H2↑H2S+CuCl2==CuS↓+2HCl==(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+H2S+2AgNO3==Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2==HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2==PbS↓+2HNO3==(铅试纸检验空气中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag==Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑==(NaNH2+H2O==NaOH+NH3↑)3、NH3的碱性：NH3+HX==NH4X==(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3==NH4NO3==NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4==(NH4)2SO4==NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2==NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打)NH3+H2S==NH4HS==NH3+H2S=NH4++HS-4、不稳定性：2HF==H2+F2==2HCl==H2+Cl2==2H2O==2H2+O22H2O2==2H2O+O2==H2S==H2+S==2NH3==N2+3H22HI==H2+I2四.非金属氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、