PastureBasedPrecisionFarming精准农业

PrecisionFarmingPastoralFarmingExamples•PastureMonitoring•SoilMapping•FertiliserApplicationMonitoring•AnimalBehaviourPastureMonitoringWhataresomemethodsofmonitoringpasture??TechnicalSpecs•SensingDevice•Measuressensorsblockedbypasture,convertedtomm•Pastureheightreadingcalibratedtopasturedrymatter•NumberofReadings•200readingsaveragedeveryonesecond•TravelSpeed•Typicallybetween15and20km.hr-1•Asfastastheconditionsallowfor•TypicalScenario•Biketravelingat20km.hr-1wouldtake200readingsoveradistanceof5.5m(27mm/reading)ThreeTiersofsystem•Tier1•Simplestartstopoperation•Tier2•Individualpaddocksarerecordedandstored•PaddockResultsDownloadedtoPCviaBluetooth®•Tier3•UnitEquippedwithGPS,eachpointcollectedisgeo-referenced•Createyieldmaps(identifyproblemareas/pasturevariation)PastureCoverAssessmentPastureCoverAssessmentNo.4dairy,MasseyUniversityNo.4dairy,MasseyUniversityPostGrazingPreGrazingPastureTrialGullyQuestionWhatcouldyouusethistechnologyfor??RapidPastureMeter©•Coverlargeareas.•CoverallpaddocksaccessiblebyanATV•Moremeasurements=increasedaccuracyofresult.•Usedatalllevelsoffarmmanagement.•Operational(daytodaygrazing)•Tactical(feedbudgeting)•Strategic(Zonemanagement,yieldmapping,VRT)•Permanentrecordingsystem.•Improvedutilisationofvaluableresource•Increasedtraceabilityforconsumers.SoilMappingWhataretheattributeswewanttoknowaboutoursoil??EMmappingSoilElectricalConductivityMapEMmappingRollingdownland,Temuka,Canterbury,NZ.EMmappingforprecisionirrigationorPRECISIONIRRIGATION?ZONE144mm/9days–8eventsZONE266mm/14days–5eventsHOWTOIRRIGATE?BESTPRACTICEtodate1122WhatdoestheEM38measure?•Porosity/Texture–soilswithhigherporosityhavehigherEC,thereforesoilswithhighclaycontentshowupasareaswithlargerECvaluesthancoarsertexturedsoilssuchassandyloams.•Moisturecontent–linkedtoporosity,dryersoilshavelowerconductancethanwetsoilsduetoarelativelackofelectrolytetoconducttheelectromagneticfield.•Bulkdensity–compactedsoilscanhavehigherconnectivityandthereforehigherbulkdensitycanresultinhighersoilECvalues.•Otherfactorssuchascationexchangecapacity(CEC)andtemperaturealsoinfluencesoilEC.FertiliserApplicationMonitoringHowaccuratelycanyouplacefertiliserontheground??Assessingspatialvariationoffertiliserapplication(1)Driveraccuracy–assessedbyGPSAssessingspatialvariationoffertiliserapplication(cont.)(2)Machineaccuracy–usingtransversespreadpatterntest0%2%4%6%8%020406080100Applicationrate(kg.ha-1)Area(%)Spatialvariationoffertiliserapplication•Driveraccuracy(assessedbyGPS)+machineaccuracy(transversespreadpatterntest)FieldCV=32.9%TARGETActualRange:0–230kg/haQuestionWhatisthecostofinaccuratefertiliserapplication??Answer….•ForAllfertiliserspreadannuallytheeconomiclossis:$50–$70perhaperyear•Usingimprovedspreadingtechnology(GPSguidance,flowcontrolsystems)$30-$40perhaperyear•AnnualSaving$20-$30perhaperyearAerialtopdressingAerialfertiliserapplicationmap•GPStrackingofflightpath•Transversespreadtest•Planespeedandhopperopening50low110correct180highkg/haAnimalBehaviourWhyisthestudyofanimalbehaviourimportant??Whataremethodsofmonitoringanimalbehaviour??AnimalBehaviour•GPSCollar(2.2kg,0.4%ofcowbodyweight)•Recordsupto15,000pointlocations•Datacanbecollectedatdifferenttimeintervals•Beefcattle–Longterm(30min)DairyCattle–Shortterm(2min)BeefStudy–Longterm•95%ofcowactivitytookplaceon49%ofthetotalfarmarea(196ha)•50%ofcowactivitywasspenton7%(28ha)•Cowsspentalargeramountoftimeonflatandrollingtopographycomparedtoeasyandstepslopes•CowspreferrednorthernandwesternslopescomparedtosouthernandeasternslopesDairyStudy–Shorttermhours/day%Grazing6.426.5%Resting/ruminating12.351.2%Drinkingatwater0.52.1%Walkingto/fromshed1.14.7%Milkingshed1.56.3%Other2.29.3%TOTAL24.0100.0%•Behaviouralparametersextractedbyknowingcowslocationevery2minovera10dayperiod.Examininggrazingbehaviour•Havingsuchanaccuratepictureofproductionmeansthatfurthermeaningfulresearchcanbeundertaken.•TwodairycowsforasinglegrazingperiodusingGPScollars.•Relationshipbetweentheanimalanditsenvironment•Shouldthispaddockbemanageddifferently?TakehomeMessages•Managementratherthanmeasurement•Onlyusetoolsifaneconomicadvantageorbettermanagementcanbeobtained•Don’tbescaredoftechnology•Youwillhavetouseitinallagriculture/horticulturepositions•Thinkoutsidethesquare•Inordertomaintainourcompetitiveadvantageworldwidewemustcontinuallydevelopouragriculturalsystems.