词汇学.chapter-3

Chapter3WordstructureandWordFormation3.1.MorphologicalStructureofWords3.2.WordFormation3.1MorphologicalStructure1.Morphemes2.Allomorphs3.TypesofMorphemes3.2WordFormation1.Affixation2.Compounding3.Conversion4.OtherwaysMorphemes1.book,books,bookish,bookcase2.tolerate,tolerance,tolerable,toleration,intolerable3.telephone,telegram,telescope,telecommunicationde.natur.al.iz.ationde-nature-al-ize-ationMorphemes:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords(Crystal1985).(theminimalcombinationofsoundandsense)Allomorphs—other(morphs)formsofacertainmorphemeMostmorphemesarerealizedbysinglemorphslikebird,tree,green,sad,want,desire,etc.Thesemorphemescoincidewithwordsastheycanstandbythemselvesandmovefreelyinasentence.Wordsofthiscategoryarecalled“monomorphemicwords”.Somemorphemes,however,arerealizedbymorethanonemorph.Suchalternativemorphsareknownas“allomorphs”or“morphemicvariants”.eg.{-s}[s]cats;[z]bags;[iz]matchesAllomorphsassuchdonotoccuratrandom,butarephoneticallyconditionedandthuspredictable.{-s}1./s/after/t,p,k/eg.packs,cheats,shapes2./z/after/d,b,g,l/eg.Beds,bottles,fads,3./iz/after/s,z,,t/eg.Classes,dishes,garages,damages.-tion:sion,ionin:/im,ir,ilgo:went,goneTypesofMorphemesmorphemefreeboundfreerootboundrootaffixderivationalinflectionalprefixsuffixFreeMorphemes(freeforms)1.Standindependentofothermorphemes2.Havecompletemeaningsinthemselves3.Usedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.4.Identicalwithrootwordseg.man,earth,wind,car,angerBoundmorphemesboundtoothermorphemestoformwords;cannotoccurasseparatewordsrecollection(re+collect+ion)idealistic(ideal+ist+ic)ex-prisoner(ex+prison+er)Amongtheninemorphemes,onlycollect,ideal,andprisoncanexistbythemselves,thusbeingfreemorphemes;Alltherestre-,-ion,-ist,-ic,-ex,and-erarebound.eg.antecedent(someoneorsomethingthatgoesbefore)ante(before)+ced(approach,toto)+ent(apersonorthing)Boundroot.1Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikethefreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.-DICT-(sayorspeak)contradict(speakagainst);contradiction;contradictorpredict(tellbeforehand);prediction;predictordictate;dictation;dictatordiction;dictionarydictum(宣言，声明，格言）Boundroot.2themostfrequentlyusedrootsFECT,FEAT=do:affect,defeat;CEPT,CEIV,CUPY=hold,take:intercept,occupy,receiveFAC,FIC,FIT=do,make:benefit,manufactureTAIN,TEN=hold:contain,obtain,tenantOPER,LABOR=work:collaborate,elaborateSERV=tokeep:preserve,reservoirDIC,DICT=speak:predict,indicateCID,CIS,SEG=cut,divide:insect,segregation,preciseFESS,FAM=speak:confess,professionRUPT,FRACT=break:fission,fragment,erupt,corruptLOG,LITER=word:dialogue,logicTRACT,TRACE=draw:contract,extract,tractor,attractSCRIB,SCRIPT=write:prescribe,manuscriptTEND,TENT=tostretch,move:extend,tendency,intensiveGRAM,GRAPH=write:geographical,telegramPOS,POSIT,PON=torest,put:expose,postpone,depositVIS,VID,VEY=see,look:invisible,surveySESS,SID=sit:reside,president,occidental,possessSPECT,SPI,SCOP=look,see:inspect,suspicionFORM=shape:reform,uniform,conform,formulateCESS,CEED,CED=go:proceed,successionVOLU,VOLV=toroll,turn:involve,revolve,evolveCUR,COUR,GRESS=run:occur,progressVERSE,VERT=turnaround:reverse,convert,diverseVEN=come:intervene,preventionCIRCLE,CYCL,AMBI=circle:ambiguity,bicycleCAP,CIP=hold,take:anticipate,captureMIT,MISS=send,cast:emit,transmit,dismiss,missileBoundroot.3JECT=throw,cast:eject,reject,projectMAR,NAV,NAUT=ship,sea:marine,navigation,astronautSIST,STIT=stand,setup:constitute,assist,persistASTER,ASTERO=star:astronomy,disaster,asteriskSTA,STAT=stand:stable,stage,statue,stationaryVAC,VAN,VOID=empty:vacant,vanish,avoidCLUD,CLUS=toshut,close:exclude,includeBIO,VIV=life:biography,biology,survive,vitaminMOT,MOB=move:promote,remove,automobileGEN,NAT=birth,born:generator,genuine,nativePORT=tocarry:import,export,transport,passportMETER=measure:barometer,geometry,thermometerFER=tobear,take,bring:prefer,ferry,infer,offerUNI=one;DU,DOU=two;DE=ten;CENT=hundredLEV=toraise:elevate,leverMULTI=many:unique,century,decade,multitudeORI=torise:oriental,origin,originateFIN=end,boundary:final,infinite,confine,finishCAD,CID,CAS=tofall:incident,caseDUC,DUCT=lead,bring:educate,semiconductor,deduceRECT,REG=right,rule:correct,erect,regulatePEND=hang,weigh:expend,pendulum,suspendNOT,GNOS=toknow:denote,ignorance,diagnoseFID,CRED=totrust:confidence,infidel,incredibleCORD,COR,COUR=heart:core,accord,couragePRESS=topress:compress,depress,suppress,expressHUM,GEO=ground,soil:humble,geologyFLU,FUSE=flow,pour:influence,confuse,fluidAffixes—inflectionalandderivationalI.Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional.1.-s(es)astheregularpluralsuffixareaddedtonouns,eg.machines,fridges,desks,radios2.-enastheirregularpluralsuffixes,eg.ox-oxen,child-children3.-sindicatesthesimplepresentforthirdpersonsingular,eg.like-likes,work-works4.-’sthepossessivecaseofnouns,eg.Thechildren’slibrary,awaitress’svoice,themother-in-law’scomplaints5.-er,-estattachedtosimpleadjectivesoradverbstoshowtheircomparative