内工大电子技术课程设计-热水锅炉温度控制器设计与实验

内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书摘要本次课程设计的主要目的是用电子电路设计与实验热水锅炉温度控制器。让其实现在6-23时内85℃以下一、二号炉开始工作并报警，105℃以上一、二号炉停止工作并报警，冷却至95℃一号炉开始工作，且在此期间用LED显示温度和工作时间。本次主要用到的方法是用电压比较器实现模-数转换、用计数器实现控制电路和记录工作时间、用一系列的门电路实现一定的逻辑功能；借助Mulitisim软件进行电路仿真，再在实验室连接元器件实现设计要求。设计的结果是可以让一、二号炉在特定的温度和时间下按规定工作，同时温度显示和记录工作时间来辅助控制器的工作。有效的控制锅炉工作大大提高了生产效率，也可以起到控温的作用，在实际生活中有重要的实践意义。关键词：锅炉；温度；计时；运算电路。内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书AbstractThemainpurposeofthiscoursedesignistousehotwaterboilertemperaturecontrolelectroniccircuitdesignandexperiment.Letactuallywithin6-23nowbelow85℃furnaceno.1andno.2tostartworkingandcallthepolice,above105℃furnaceno.1andno.2tostopworkandreporttothepolice,cooledto95℃furnacenumberonebeginstowork,andduringthisperiod,withLEDdisplaytemperatureandtimetowork.Themainlyusedmethodistousevoltagecomparatorimplementationmode-severaltransformations,counterisusedtoimplementcontrolcircuitandrecordtheworkingtime,aseriesofgateisusedtoimplementlogicfunction;InthelaboratoryusingMulitisimcircuitsimulationsoftware,andthenconnectcomponentstoachievethedesignrequirements.Designresultscanmakefurnaceno.1andno.2undercertaintemperatureandtimetoworkaccordingtoregulations,atthesametimetemperaturedisplayandrecordtheworkingtimetoassisttheworkofthecontroller.Effectivecontrolofboilerworkhasgreatlyincreasedtheproductionefficiency,alsocanhavetheeffectoftemperaturecontrol,hasimportantpracticalsignificanceinreallife.Keywords:Boiler;Temperature;Timing;Operationcircuit.内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书目录一设计任务概概述···············································1二设计方案论证及方框图········································11设计方框图····················································12在实现电路时可以有多种方案····································3三电路组成及工作原理···········································51抑制共模信号电路和二阶低通滤波器······························52反向求和运算电路··············································63同向比例运算电路··············································64电压比较器·····················································65锅炉工作电路··················································76多谐振荡器····················································87计时电路······················································88工作时间计时电路··············································99温度显示电路··················································910报警电路·····················································10四电路元器件选择与计算·········································111选择一系列由运算放大器组成的电路处理信号源，而未做一个“直流电源”电路···································112选择四个电压比较器而未选择一个ADC转换器······················113模拟电路中器材选用、计算及接线管脚图··························124数字电路中器件的选择及接线管脚图······························12五安装与调试·····················································131安装··························································132测试方案······················································133调试过程······················································144调试中发现的问题及解决措施····································14六指标测试·······················································151模拟电路部分测试··············································152数字电路部分测试··············································17内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书3整体电路功能测试··············································20结论·································································21参考文献····························································22附录一·······························································23附录二·······························································24内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书1报警电路LED显示温度电路LED显示工作时间电路锅炉工作电路计时电路一设计任务概述设计并制作一个热水锅炉温度控制器。热电偶检测到的东排、中排和西排三点温度输入控制器，再通过电压传感器，将测量的85-105℃转换为对应电信号6-12mV。要求当在一定的工作时间内（早6:00到晚11:00），通过温度的变化控制一、二号炉工作，且能在特定的温度下进行报警；同时，需要将温度和报警时间用LED显示；同时，需要实现反应时间计时显示、启停温度可设定、报警和温度及工作时间的存储功能。（1）当温度低于85℃时，报警且一、二号炉启动，对应电压传感器输出的电压6mv;（2）当温度高于105℃时，报警且一、二号炉停止启动，对应电压传感器输出电压12mv;（3）当温度高于95℃时，只有一号炉工作，对应电压传感器输出电压9mv。二设计方案方框图及论证1设计方框图综合各种元器件的优缺点，并根据本设计要求及性能指标，兼顾可行性、可靠性和经济性等各种因素，确定整体框架如图1所示。它由信号处理与放大电路、锅炉工作电路、报警电路、LED显示温度电路、LED显示工作时间电路、计时电路五部分组成。图1热水锅炉温度控制器原理方框图信号处理与放大电路内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书2温度传感器东排温度信号中排温度信号西排温度信号相应的三点电信号低通滤波器和抑制共模信号电路相应的三点电信号反相比例运算电路已经放大的电压信号电压比较器电压比较器电压比较器数字信号数字信号数字信号逻辑电路报警电路时间控制电路早六点到晚十一点工作温度区间显示图2热水锅炉温度控制器设计流程图内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书32在实现电路时可以有多种方案方案一：在信号处理与放大电路中，首先分别在三输入电压传感器后加抑制共模信号电路，来抑制传感器输出信号的共模干扰，再加二阶低通滤波电路，滤去毫伏级信号中的高频部分及“杂质”，后接反向求和电路实现三输入毫伏级电压的加和。由于锅炉工作电路输入电压范围的需要，再在反向求和电路后加同向比例放大电路，以上的输出电压可供后续工作电路有效使用。以上构想虽精确、误差较小但是实现性、经济性不高。在仿真及实测过程中，采用先反向求和再抑制共模信号、滤高频信号（采用二阶低通滤波电路），再放大；可以起到减少器件、增强可行性的作用。在让锅炉工作电路部分可以采用电压比较器来实现，具体到可以用单限比较器、滞回比较器、窗口比较器。考虑到性能、可靠性、实现的难易程度、经济性等问题，最后确定用三个单限比较器来完成锅炉工作电路，额外加一个单限比较器实现LED温度显示电路。在计时电路和LED显示工作时间电路可以用555定时器输出脉冲、可预置BCD异步清除计数器，TTL门电路等来实现锅炉早六点到晚十一点工作、一、二号炉工作时间记录。报警电路部分可以用555定时器和窗口比较器来实现。表1方案一材料表序号元器件名称规格型号数量（个）单价（元）总价（元）11/4W常规电阻*190.23.82常规电容*40.31.23数字电子技术实验箱/模拟电子技术实验箱*320604双踪示波器*1**5数字万用表*1**6实验焊接用板*2102074，2输入端与门74HC0840.20.884，2输入端或门74LS3220.20.49六反相器74LS0410.20.210可预置BCD异步清除计数器74LS16022.24.4113mm红，绿，黄发光二极管30.30.912集成运放LM35820.91.8内蒙古工业大学课程设计说明书4续表1方案一材料表方案二：信号处理与放大电路不变；锅炉工作电路中先用ADC模-数转换器使不同的电压对应不同的数字信号，再用数据选择器或是3-8译码器来输出Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6控制一、二号炉工作和LED显示温度；在计时电路和LED显示工作时间电路用晶振器代替555定时器提供脉冲信号；报警电路中可以运用功率放大电路实现5V,1W,结合电压比较器、TTL门电路报警；或是用一定参数的继