西方文化入门：文艺复兴和宗教改革(英文)

RenaissanceandReformationPartOne:RenaissanceHowtodefineRenaissanceTimeSpan:14th-17thcentury.Renaissance(rinascere:reborninLatinlanguage)meansrevivalandrebirth(复兴),specificallyinthisperiodofhistory，revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,inessence(从实质上讲),wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholars:1.madeattempts(试图)togetridofconservatism(保守主义思想)infeudalistEurope2.andintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(资产阶级),3.tolifttherestrictions(禁忌)inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.(权利威信)OtheraspectsofRenaissance1.RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenice(Italy);infinearts;2.Franceinliterature;3.Englandinphilosophyanddrama;ⅡRenaissanceinItaly1.ImportanceofItalianRenaissancethebeginningofthemodernageWithoutcontributionofItalian;Renaissance,theEuropeansocietywouldnotenterintothedawningofanewera.WhydoestheRenaissancetakeplacefirstinItaly?1.RevivalofCommerceandTownBuildingwasmoreintenseinItaly;2.FeudalismhadlessofagriponItaly;UnityinPolitics;city-stateslooselyruledbyPope3.PresenceofantiquitywasstrongerinItalythanelsewhereinEurope;2.HistoryofRenaissanceinItaly1.Inthelateof15thFlorence(beginning)(thefirstcenterofit)2.inthe16thitreacheditsheightwithitscentermovingtoMilan,thentoRome,andcreatedHighRenaissance(1490-1530)Thebeginningof16th,Venice(comeintobeinginfullglory)Theendof16th,declining(becauseofaserieswarsamongEngland,FranceandSpain)3.TheRiseofHumanismreasons1.ongoingpresenceofacommercialrevolutionintheItaliancity-statesoftheera.thepeopleopentheireyesinmanyfieldswiththewealthgrewinItaly.2.ItaliansbelievedthattheyweretheinheritorsofRomanculture—aninheritancewhichtheyweredeterminedtostudyandunderstand.ThemeaningofHumanism1.资产阶级在对古典文化的狂热的发掘中融入了时代思想，提出了反封建，反教会的进步思想---人文主义2.人文主义是欧洲人道主义的最初形态，特指文艺复兴时期的人文主义世界观3.人文主义是由拉丁语“Humanismns”派生出来的“Humanus”（人道的，或人的）Thecharacteristicsofit(howtodefine)1.theassertionofthegreatnessofman(以人性反抗神性，肯定人的尊严，权力，价值等）（人性既包括“自然属性”也包括“认识自我和探索自然和社会的理性）2.Pleasureisveryimportantvs.afterlifeopposingstoicism(肯定现实的享受，反对禁欲主义）彼特拉克宣称，“我自己是凡人，我只要凡人的幸福”3.Advocatingscientificresearchandopposingignorance4.AdvocatingunityofthecountryandopposingfeudaldivisionThesignificancesofit1.makingprogressforthepresentandfutureofmankind2.ShakingdowntheideasofthefeudalismandChristianityThelimitationofit过分强调个人主义，就为个人至上或极端利己主义的思想埋下了伏笔同时也滋生了放纵个人欲望的享乐主义倾向。Threemastersinliterature3.NewLiteratureItalianEarliestHumanistsDanteAlighieri(1265-1321)1.ThegreatestpoetofItalyandalsoaprosewriter,literarytheory,moralphilosopheraswellaspolitical;2.Masterpiece:theDivineComedy;Significance:(TheDivineComedy)1.Landmarksofworldliterature;2.HumanisticideasforeshadowedthespiritofRenaissance;3.Employednewlanguage(Italian)toevolveEuropeanliteratureawayfromitsoriginsinLatinculture.BeatriceandDanteDarkWoodLeopard:self-indulgenceLion:violentShe-wolf:maliciousAtthegateofInfernoFirststoreyofHell:Plato,AristotleSecondstoreyinHell:HellenParadise:theninthlayer(God)水晶天/原动天GiovanniBoccaccio(1313—1375)卜伽丘Masterpiece:DecameronThetalesarewitty,licentious,fullofpraisesoftrueloveandwisdomandalsosatireonthehypocrisyofthepriestandthearistocrat.Prosefiction;ThetaleofLisabettaandLorenzoinDecameronpraisesthetrueloveandcriticizethehypocrisyofthearistocratFrancescoPetrarch(1304---1374)彼特拉克1.Petrarch,wasanItalianscholar,poetandoneoftheearliestRenaissancehumanists.2.Lauraisthemainobjectandimageofhislovepoetry.Masterpiece:Canzoniers---abookoflyricalsongswritteninhisItaliandialect.Continuousthemeinhiswork:awarenessofmortalbeautyandearthlyvalues.Sonnet十四行诗alyricpoemconsistingoffourteenlinestwobasickindsofsonnets:ItalianorPetrarchansonnetShakespeareanorElizabethansonnetPetrarchansonnetconsistsofanoctave(eightlines)andasestet(sixlines).Shakespeareansonnetconsistsofthreequatrains(fourlineseach)andaconcludingcouplet(twolines).Sonnet18writtenbyShakespeareShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.bSometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d.dButthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st.fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.g4.RenaissanceArt4.RenaissanceArttherewasadecidedbreakwiththemedievalpictorialtradition(田园式风格)occurredinItalybetweenthesecondhalfofthe13thcenturyandtheseconddecade(十年)ofthe15thcentury田园式风格referstomedieval(中古的)methodsofrepresentingthevisible(可见的)worldThedistinctfeaturesofthetraditionoftherenaissanceartRenaissanceart:A.Early1.Giotto(about1266-1337)2.FilippoBrunelleschi(1377-1446)3.Donatello(1386-1466)B.High1.LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)2.MichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-1564)4.Giorgione(about1477—1510)3.Raphael(1483-1520)4.Titian(about1488-1576)PaintingfromMiddleagesa.Giotto(about1266—1337)乔托FlightintoEgyptBetraya