An Introduction to Linguistics[1]

AnIntroductiontoLinguisticsCourseNotesSept.2013Whytostudylinguistics1.BylearningEnglish,weknowitisalanguage,whichisdifferentfromourmothertongue,Chinese.Aretheresomesimilaritiesbetweenthesetwolanguages?Furthermore,areallhumanlanguagessharingthesimilarities?Whatarethesimilarities?2.Wesaythatlanguageinfluencesourlife.Atwhataspectsdoeslanguageinfluenceourlife?Canweliveonwithoutlanguage?3.Learninganewlanguage,whydochildrenlearniteasierandquickerthanadults?Canwesaychildrenaresmarterthanadults?Whytostudylinguistics4.Studentsinanymajorsallhaveacertaintheoriticalbase.WhatisthetheoriticalbaseforstudentsinEnglishmajor?5.Youmightpursueahigherdegreeinyouracademiccareer.Whatisyourbestchoice?YoumightbecomeanEnglisheducator,howcanyoubebetterthanotherEnglishteachers?Youmightbeabusinessperson,howeffectivelyyoucanuseyourEnglish?6.AlmosteveryoneofyouwanttotakenationalexaminationofTEM8,andhopeforthebestresult.Howcanyouprepareforthat?HowdoyoudealwiththethepartofknowledgeconnectedwithEnglishlanguage?CurriculumDesignObjective1.Tounderstandtheprimaryprinciplesoflinguistics,2.Tohavebasicknowledgeoflanguage3.Tounderstandthemostofthetermsoflinguistics,4.Tobeabletousethelinguisticmethodstoanalyzelanguage.SyllabusCourseDescriptionThiscoursewillintroducedisciplinesoflinguistics,thescientificstudyoflanguage:phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntaxandsemantics.Aswell,somecross-disciplinaryparts:sociolinguistics,appliedlinguistics,andpsycholinguistics,arealsointroduced.PrerequisitesConsiderablygoodmasteryofEnglish.DiligentlyreadinginEnglish.AbilityofcriticalthinkingMainReadingDaiWeidong&HezaoxiongANewConciseCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglish(theproposedcoursebook)HuZhuanglin(2006)Linguistics:ACourseBook(3rdEd.)BeijinguniversityPress.《新编简明英语语言学教程》学习笔记–英语语言学笔记–Attendance:Youarerequiredtoattendeveryclassontime.Homework:Oneachchapterthereisanassignmentforyourhomework.YouarerequiredtoconducttheassignmentsindependentlyandhanditinontimeTermtest:thereisonlyonetest:thefinal.ThetestwillbefixedtoadministerinWeek19or20.CourseScheduleWeekTopictoknowAssignment1Introduction(descriptionofthecourse,syllabus)Chapter12Chapter1whatislinguistics,whatislanguage?Readingassignment3Chapter2PhoneticsAssignmentforphoneticexercise4Nationalholigays5Chapter2PhonologyReadingassignmentCourseScheduleWeekTopictoknowAssignment6Chapter3MorphologyAssignmentformorphologicexercise7Chapter4SyntaxReadingAssignment8Chapter4SyntaxAssignmentforsyntacticexercise9Chapter4SyntaxReadingAssignmentCoursescheduleweekTopictoknowAssignment10Chapter5SemanticsReadingAssignment11Chapter5simanticsAssignmentforexercise12Chapter6Pragmatics13Chapter8sociolinguisticsCourseScheduleweekTopictoknowAssignment14Chapter8sociolinguisticsReadingAssignment15Chapter12PsycholinguisticsReadingAssignment16Chapter10LanguageAcquisitionReadingAssignment17Chapter11SecondLanguageAcquisition18ChapterOne1.1Whatislinguistics1.1.1DefinitionThescientificstudyoflanguageLinguisticsstudiesthegeneralprincipleswhereuponallhumanlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofcommunicationintheirsocietiesorcommunities.ChapterOne1.1.2thescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguisticsandmacro-linguisticsGenerallinguisticsstudiesthelanguageitself,tryingtoestablishtheprinciplesandmethodstodescribetheelementsoflanguage,structuresoflanguageandtherelationshipoftheelementsoflanguage.Macro-linguisticsstudiestherelationshipsoflanguagewithallhumanticstudies,suchassociology,pychology,education,medicalscienceandtechology.ChapterOneGeneralLinguistics:phonetics–studyofspeechsounds语音口头形式phonology--studyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables语音书面形式morphology–studyconcerningwiththeinternalorganizationofwords构词法剖析单词的结构syntax–studyaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectsentences如何正确组成句子semantics–studyonexamininghowmeaningisencodedinalanguage如何使句子有含义pragmatics–studyofmeaningincontextoflanguageuse使用语言学ChapterOneMacro-linguistics(interdisciplinarystudiesoflanguage)sociolinguistics–thestudyofthecharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakers.psycholinguistics–thestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandhumanmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisition.appliedlinguistics–thestudyoflanguageacquisition,andlanguageeducationneurolinguistics–thestudyofthereflectionofneurosystemtothelanguageinputandthedecodingandencodingthelanguagedata.computationallinguistics–thestudyofprocessingandproducinglanguageincomputer,orcomputationalizingthetraslationandanalysisandstorageofthelanguagedataChapterOne1.1.3Importantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivevs.descriptivesynchronicvs.diachronicspeechandwritinglangueandparolecompetenceandperformanceChapterOnePrescriptivevs.descriptiveTowtypesoflinguisticstudiesDescriptivelinguistics:alinguisticapproachthatisconcernedwithprovidinganaccuratedescriptionofthephonology,syntax,andsemantics