非谓语动词用法讲解

非谓语动词一.非谓语动词的种类{动词不定式分词动名词非谓语动词具有动词以外的许多词的特征,但是仍具有动词的某些特征:即仍有时态和语态的变化;可以带宾语,表语或被状语所修饰.在考虑时态时应注意其时间坐标----“句子的谓语动词”;考虑语态时必须弄懂其“逻辑主语”.非谓语动词的否定式是not+非谓语动词二.动词不定式(1)动词不定式的形式{todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendone(2)不定式的语法功能TodieforthepeopleisweightierthanMountTai.(作主语)Itisdifficultformetounderstandit.(作主语)Ourmaintaskistofinishthejobinaweek.(作表语)Lasersciencebegantodevelopin1958.(作宾语)Topreparetheirlessons,thestudentsworkedtillmidnight.(作状语)It’stimetogetup.(作定语)Theteachertoldustocleantheclassroom.(作宾语补足语)ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.(作主语补足语)A)作主语时其逻辑主语为泛指Tomovesuchabigstoneisverydifficult.Tobelaughedatinpublicismiserable.B）作表语时不定式的逻辑主语Theproblemremainstobefurtherdiscussed.(句子的主语)Thenextstepistocontroltheenergy.(与主语是对等关系时为泛指)Ourplanistofinishthejobinaweek.(通过逻辑关系表示)C）作宾语时其逻辑主语为句子的主语IbegantolearnEnglishsixyearsago.Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentspretendedtobereadingthetext.（3）不定式的逻辑主语2）先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时，先行词为逻辑主语Heisthelastpersontocometoschoolthismorning.3）有时其逻辑主语为泛指Thereisnowaytosolvetheproblem.Ihavealotofworktodo.（不定式与先行词为动宾关系）Ineedaroomtolivein.（不定式若是不及物动词时须有介词）Ihavenotimetolistentoyourexcuse.（不定式与先行词为动状关系)D)作定语时不定式的逻辑主语1）句子的主语为不定式的逻辑主语E）作状语时不定式的逻辑主语Hestoodonachairsoastoseebetter.（句子的主语）Putthepicturehighersoastobeseenbetter.（句子的宾语）Englishisverydifficulttolearn.(逻辑主语为泛指，并且不定式与句子主语为动宾关系）F）作补语时不定式的逻辑主语Theteachertoldustocleantheclassroom.（句子的宾语）Weweretoldtocleantheclassroom.（句子的主语）（4）不定式的复合结构It’sverydifficultforustomasteraforeignlanguageinsuchashorttime.Itisverykindofyoutohelpusout.在不定式的复合结构中，不定式无论担当什么句子成分其逻辑主语总是介词的宾语。同时要注意for/of的区别。（5）独立使用的不定式Nofurtherdiscussiontofollow,themeetingwasover.（不定式前的名词为不定式的逻辑主语）Tobefrank,Idon’tlikehim.（逻辑主语为说话人）（6）特殊疑问词+不定式Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.Idon’tknowwhichbustotake.Thequestionishowtoputtheplanintopractice.Hedidnotknowwhattodo.why不能和不定式连用whether却能Whynotjoinus?Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.（7）不定式to的省略A)在下列动词后宾补不定式不用to:see(lookat)/watch/notice/observe/hear(listento)/have/feel/make/letIsawhimcomethismorning.Motherletmegohomeforlunch.但是当句子变成被动语态宾补变成主补时就得加上toIwasmadetodothemathsexercisesagain.help后的宾语不定式和宾补不定式都可以省略toB）下列句式不定式也不用toYou’dbetterdoyourhomeworkfirst.Iwouldratherstayathomethangotothecinema.（2）分词的语法功能Themanstandingbythewindowisourteacher.（定语）Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.（状语）Thenewsisinspiring./Theglassisbroken.（表语）Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.（补语）（3）分词的逻辑主语A）作定语时为被修饰的词Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Theboystandingunderthetreeismybrother.三.分词（1)分词的种类和形式{现在分词过去分词{doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendonedoneB）作状语时总是句子的主语Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.Theywalkedalongthestreet,laughingandsinging.Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.C）作表语也是句子的主语Thebookisveryinteresting.I’mverytired.D）作宾补为宾语；作主补为主语Wesawhimcoming.Hehadhisclotheswashed.Shewasheardsingingthere.Helayinbedwithallthewindowsbroken.(1).Generallyspeaking,mencanrunfasterthanwomen.(一般说来,男人比女人跑得快些.)(2).Broadlyspeaking,dogsaremorefaithfultomanthancats.(泛泛地说,狗比猫对人忠诚.)(3).Judgingfromhisexpression,he’sinabadmood.(从他的表情来判断,他情绪不好.)(4).Consideringeverything,itwasn’tabadholiday.(考虑到各种情况,这次假日过得不错)E）不受逻辑主语限制的分词(5).I’lllendyouthemoneyproviding/providedyoupayitbackbeforeEaster.(我可以借给你钱,条件是复活节以前你必须还我)(6).Supposingtherewasawar,whatwouldyoudo?(假设发生战争,你怎么办?)(7).Takingeverythingintoconsideration,theyoughttobegivenanotherchance.(考虑到各种因素,他们应该得到另一次机会.)(8).Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(已经污染得这么严重了，现在清理这条河可能太晚了.）四.动名词动名词和现在分词同形,只是语法功能不同（1）动名词的语法功能Walkingonthemoonisveryfunny.（作主语）Myjobisteaching.（作表语）Ihavefinisheddoingthework.（作宾语）Theswimmingpooliswonderful.（作定语）Wecallthischanging.（作补语）动名词不能单独做状语，必须和介词一起做状语OnarrivinginBeijing,Iwillgotoseehim.A）作主语时其逻辑主语为泛指（参考上面例句）B）作宾语时其逻辑主语为句子主语（参考上面例句）（2）动名词的逻辑主语C）在其它场合下动名词都已经名物化没有逻辑主语。有些完全名物化的动名词甚至可以有复数形式Manytallbuildingshavebeenbuiltinourcityrecently.（3）动名词的复合结构Myfather’scomingmademeveryhappy.Idon’tlikehis(him)coming.五.非谓语动词的差异（1）作主语分词不作主语，不定式和动名词区别如下A）不定式动作具体,动作性强且时间上表示将来；动名词概念抽象动作性弱且没有时间性Tomoveawayalargestoneisnoteasy.Movinginanearvacuumrequireslittleenergy.B）在it作形式主语时，当表语是nogood/nouse/useless/senseless/waste/dangerous等词时常用动名词It’snotmuchgoodsayingso.Itisdangerousplayingwithfire.C）在therebe结构中只用动名词Thereissomuchwalkingtodo.（2）作宾语分词不作宾语，不定式和动名词区别如下A）不定式动作具体,动作性强且时间上表示将来；动名词概念抽象动作性弱且没有时间性IlikeswimmingbutIwouldn’tliketoswimthisafternoon.B）remember/forget/regret等词后接动名词表示做过的事，接不定式表示未做的事Iregrettotellyouthatyouwillbedismissed.IregretnotstudyinghardwhenIwasinmiddleschool.---Don’tforgettobuymeagift.---Irememberbuyingyouoneseveraldaysago!C）在stop/try/mean和goon之后不定式和动名词表达的意思不同Whenhecameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtalking.Althoughhewasverybusy,hestoppedtohelpme.Aftersupper,hewentontodohishomework.Aftersupper,hewentondoinghishomework.Iwillworkhard,andtrytoimprovemyEnglish.Trydoingmoreexercisesandyou’llsoonloseweight.Smokingmeanssettingfire.Ididn’tmeantohurtyouyesterday.D）在begin/start之后，在下列情况下用不定式Theicebegantomelt.（主语是物）Sheisbeginningtoleave.（谓语是进行时）Ibegantounderstandit.（宾语是表示思想意识方面的词）E）在一些动词后只接不定式：want,wish,hop