句子结构及分析 英语语法总结

1.SentenceStructuresubjectandpredicate1.SentenceStructure•Whensentencestructureisdescribed,weusuallyfocusonthestructureofsimplesentences,i.e.theindependentclauses.1.1.Clauseelements•Theconstructionofthesimplesentenceorclauseorganizedbyagroupofphrasesgoesasfollows:•subject+predicateSubject:thetopicorthemeofthesentence/tellingofwhatthesentenceisabout/realizedbyanounphraseoranequivalentofnounphrasePredicate:sayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittoreceivers;amorecomplicatedconstructionconsistingofaverbphrasewithorwithoutcomplementationVerb(+complementation)1.1.Clauseelements•Compoundsubject：Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance.Fruitfliesandladybugsareinsects.1.2CompoundsubjectsandPredicates•[Fish]and[visitors](smell)threedays.•－－FranklinBenjamin,Americanpresident•鱼放三天发臭，客住三天讨嫌。［Thegreatestofevils］and［theworstofcrimes］（Be）poverty.---GeorgeBernardShaw,Britishdramatist•最大的恶和最凶的罪是贫穷。1.2CompoundsubjectsandPredicates1.2CompoundsubjectsandPredicatesCompoundPredicateMyfriendlivesinagreenhouseandridesaredbicycle.Iopenedthemagazineandbegantoreaditquietly.•Amancannotspinandreelatthesametime.一心不能二用。•Amancannotwhistleanddrinkathesametime.一心不能二用。1.2CompoundsubjectsandPredicates1.3DoublePredicates•DoublePredicates:•thosetransformedthroughcomplicateddeepstructuresAbirdfelldeadtotheground.Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade.Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman.=Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome,andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned.•Thedifferencebetweencompoundpredicateanddoublepredicate.Abirdfelldeadtotheground.Abirdfelltogroundanddied.Abirddiedandfelltotheground.Abirdfelltothegroundanditwasdead.*Abirdfelldiedtotheground.DoublepredicateCompoundpredicateCompoundpredicateCompoundsentence1.3DoublePredicates1.4Twowaysofclauseanalysis:（1）Subject+PredicateVerb+(complementation):Averb-centeredanalysistheirbesthavedoneAllthemenObjectPredicateverbSubjectNPVPNPClauseSentence1.4Twowaysofclauseanalysis:（2）Subject+PredicateAllthemendonetheirbesthavePredicationOperatorpredicateSubjectClauseSentence2.1Basicclausetypes•Thecombinationofclauseelements(phrases)arewhollyorlargelydeterminedbythemainverbintheclause,thuswehave:Linkingverborcopular:SVC主动表联系动词Intransitive:Monotransitive:Ditransitive:Complextransitive:SV;SVASVOSVoOSVOC2.2Majorclauseelements:aclearerpicture•SVC•Subject:Theletterishis.•Predicateverb:Theletterishis.•Subjectcomplement/predicative:Theletterishis.•Object:KeJingtenghasreadtheletter.(SVO)•DirectObject:KeJingtenggaveShenJiayialetter.(SVoO)•Indirectobject:KeJingtenggaveheraletter.(SVoO)2.2Majorclauseelements:aclearerpicture•Objectcomplement/predicative:Weelectedhimourpresident.(SVOC)•Adverbial:TheyliveinTaiwan.(SVA)KeJingtengtreatedShenJiayihonestly.(SVOA)2.2Majorclauseelements:aclearerpicture2.3Discussion:identifythefollowingsentencepatternThey’reoutofbreath.They’reoutoftown.Sheisyoungandingoodhealth.Randolphispayingforthemeal.Itturnedoutahugesuccess.Weareputtingupatamotel.SVCSVC/SVA?SVCSVO/SVA?SVCSVATheylookedonmeastheirrolemodel.Slowlyisexactlyhowhespeaks.Outonthelakewillbesplendid.BecauseSallywantstoleavedoesn‘tmeanthatwehaveto.SVOCSVACSVCSVO2.3Discussion:identifythefollowingsentencepattern2.4Sentenceinrealtext:verblesssentences•Theaxiom公理:•Sentencesshouldbebuiltaroundthemainverb;•anyfiniteclauseshouldtakeanexpressedsubject.Intherealtextwrittenbynativespeakers(especiallythoseliteraryones),therearealotofsentenceswithnoexpressedverbandsubject.