aviation_history

TechnicalEnglishforairNavigation中国民航大学空管学院AviationHistoryLessonobjectivesUnderstandthehistoryofaviationUnderstandtheclassificationofaircraftBefamiliarwiththebasiccomponentofanaircraftAircraftclassificationAircraftLighter-than-aircraftHeavier-than-aircraftNon-power-driven:ballloonspower-driven:airshipsfreeballloonTetheredballloon(captiveballoon)rigidairshipsSemirigidairshipsNonrigidairshipsnon-power-drivengliderkitepower-drivenairplanerotorcraftgyroplanehelicopterflappingwingaircraftornithoptersBalloonsairshipsgliderMadebyOttoLilienthal(FatherofModernAviation)KiteairplanegyroplanehelicopterBalloonsclassificationBalloonsHotairballoons热气球BalloonsUnmannedballoonsmannedballoonsHydrogenballoons氢气球heliumballoons氦气球Balloonsantiaircraftballoon(barrageballoon)防空气球patrolballoon巡逻气球ceilingballoons测量云底高气球radiosondeballoons无线电探空气球soundingballoons探测气球Hotairballoons1782Josephmadeasmallbagoutofsilkandlightedafireundertheopeningatthebottomcausingittorise1783.3Montgolfierbrothersputontheirfirstpublicdemonstration.Theballoonrosetoanaltitudeof6,000feetandtravelledoveramilebeforelanding.1783.11.21PilatredeRozier(thefirstmankilledinanaircraftaccident)andMarquisd’Arlandes(aninfantryofficer)flewforthefirsttimeinalighter-than-aircraft.Theflightlasted25minutesandcoveredalittlemorethanfivemiles.HotairballoonsTheMontgolfierbrothersHotairballoonsThedisadvantagesofhotairballoonsduringthattime:Stayedaloftonlyaslongasafirecontinuedtoheatthetrappedair.limitedthedurationoftheflightbecauseagreatdealofwoodandstrawhadtobecarriedforfuelQuestions1.WhatgaveJosephMontgolfiertheideaofahotairballoon?2.HowhighdidtheMontgolfierbrother’sfirstballoonrise?Hydrogenballoons1783.8.23aglobewasinflatedwithhydrogenbyCharlesanditroseintotheair.Between1783and1790,76flightswererecordedinFrancealone.1793,theFrenchgovernmentformedanairarmtotheArmy,andballoonswereusedforreconnaissanceduringtheFrenchRevolution.PierreBlanchardandDr.JohnJeffriesmadethefirstballoonflightfromonenationtoanother.TheyflewacrosstheEnglishChannelfromEnglandtoFrance.Theflightcoveredabout20milesandrequiredalmosttwohourstocomplete.Questions1.Apartfromhotair,whatelsecancauseaballoontorise?2.HowlongwasthefirstballoonflightacrosstheEnglishChannel?HighaltitudeflightsMannedhighaltitudeballoonsSeveralflightsofover20,000feetwererecorded.ButTheseflightsin1804producedsuchpuzzlingexperiencesasdizziness,rapidpulserate,andunconsciousness.Sohighaltitudeflightsceased.HighaltitudeflightsresumedInthelate1850s,whentheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(BAAS)beganusingballoonsathighaltitudesforatmosphericstudies.1862.9.5HenryCoxwellandJamesGlaishersettheirhighestrecordof30,000feet,butalmostlosttheirlivesintheprocess.Highaltitudeflightsunmannedhighaltitudescientificballoons1892,unmannedhighaltitudescientificballoonswerelaunchedfirst.Intheearly1900s,unmannedscientificballoonswerereachingaltitudesof20miles.Andseveralunmannedballoonshadreachedintothestratosphere.SpacecraftTroposphereTroposphere(对流层)TemperaturedecreaseswithincreasingaltitudeSurfacetoapproximately36,000feetmsl(meansealevel).LayeristhinnernearthepolesandthickestattheequatorTropopause（对流层顶）TemperatureremainsrelativelyconstantwithincreasingaltitudeRelatedtoJetStreamandThunderstormsstratosphereStratosphere（平流层，同温层）AbovethetroposphereandbelowthemesosphereStratopause（平流层顶）TemperatureatmaximumvalueinthislayerExistsaround160,000feetmsl.MesosphereThermosphereMesosphere（中层，高空对流层）TemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeExtendsto280,000feetmslThermosphere（热层，暖层）TheoutermostshelloftheatmosphereTemperatureincreasesteadilywithaltitudeQuestions1.Whydidtheballoonflightsofover20,000feetproducesuchpuzzlingexperiencesasdizziness,rapidpulserate,andunconsciousness?BalloonsBalloonsareusedinweatherforecasting,science,andsportsQuestions1.Whatistheuseofballoons?AirshipsAnairshipisalighter-than-airvehiclethatissteerableandpowered.AirshipsJ.B.M.MeusniermadesomesuggestionsChangingtheshapeofballoonsfromaspheretotheshapeofafootballAnenvelopemadeofseveralcompartmentsandapassengercarshapedlikeaboatattachedtothebottomoftheairshipAirshipsHenriGiffard(1825–1882)Hebuiltacigarshapedballoon114feetlongand39feetindiameterTheairshipwaspoweredbyathree-horsepowersteamenginethatpropelleditataspeedofabout5milesperhour.AirshipsZeppelinandtheLZ-1,theworld’s1strigidairshipAirships1910.6.22theDeutschlandbecametheworld’sfirstcommercialairship.Between1910andthebeginningofWorldWarIin1914,Germanzeppelinsflew107,208milesandcarried34,028passengersandcrewentirelywithoutinjury.AirshipsadvantagesofairshipsincomparisonwithotheraircraftnoiseandairpollutionwouldbegreatlyreducedThecostoftransportingcargowouldbemoreeconomicalTheneedforairportspacewouldbegreatlyreducedQuestions1.Whatisanairship?2.Whobuiltandflewtheworld’sfirstrigidairship?When?Andwhere?3.Whatarezeppelins?4.Whatcanairshipsbeusedfor?5.Whatadvantagesdoairshipshaveincomparisonwithotheraircraft?AirplaneclassificationAirplaneSingle-engine-landSingle-engine-seaMultiengine-landMultiengine-seaAirplanecl