高考英语句子体系高三英语课件

EnglishGrammarSentence提纲一、句子概论二、基本句型三、基本句型的转换四、基本句型的扩大一、句子概论1、句子的特征句子是一组词按照语法规律构成的语言单位，具有相对独立而完整的意义。Itishottoday.Tomrunsveryfast.CanyouspeakEnglish?Givemesomeadvice,please.Peteraskedmetoleaveatonce.2、句子成分一个句子的各个组成部分，叫做句子成分，有主要成分主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语，次要成分定语和状语。除此之外还有同位语、插入语、呼语和感叹语。Look,abeautifulblueEuropeanbirdthatissittingontopofthetreeissinginghappilyinfrontofmyhouse,withsomanyotherbirdslisteningcarefullyaroundher.请分析一下它的句子成分！此句能简化吗？删繁就简三千树,立异标新二月花!试译一下1、你是谁？2、这是谁的书？3、他跑得多快！4、天很热。5、咱们一起去看比赛，好吗？6、老师要求我们不要在街上踢球。7、我给他买了生日礼物。8、这台电脑产于台湾。主语主语是句子所叙述的主体，说明句子讲的人或事。可以做主语的有：1、名词ShanghaiisintheeastofChina.2、代词Iboughtanewbook.3、数词Threeandthreemakessix.4、不定式Toseeistobelieve.5、动名词Smokingisharmfultohealth.6、名词化的形容词Theoldshouldbetakengoodcareof.7、从句Whathesaidisnottrue.8、形式主语Itisagoodhabittogetupearly.谓语谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，由动词承当，一般放在主语之后。谓语动词有实意/行为动词和系动词，实意/行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。Maryiscarefree.Thenewtermwillbeginsoon.Ilovemymotherland.DadboughtmeabikelastSunday.Billkeptuslaughingallthroughsupper.宾语宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果，是动作的承受者。在动词之后的叫动词宾语，在介词之后的叫介词宾语。可以做宾语的有：1、名词Henrylosthisparentsinhischildhood.2、代词Everyonelikesher.3、数词Iwantfour.4、名词化的形容词Weshouldhelpthepoor.5、不定式I’dliketohavesomecoffee.6、动名词Harryenjoysskiing.7、宾语从句Ithinkthatyouareright.另外宾语还有双宾语和复合宾语。双宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语往往指事物，而间接宾语常常指人。间接宾语通常在前。Passmethebook,please.Fetchmesomewater.为了强调直接宾语，上面的句子可以转换成：Passthebooktome,please.Fetchsomewaterforme.1)能用to转换的动词有bring,give,lend,hand,send,offer,pass,promise,show,teach,pay,tell,write;2)能用for转换的动词有call,cook,fetch,choose,find,get,do,order,buy,make,draw,sing,save,spare.复合宾语有些及物动词除了接宾语外，还接补足语，即宾语补足语，用来说明宾语的动作、状态或特征。宾语+补语合称为复合宾语。宾补可以有下列形式：1、名词TheynamedhimJohn.2、形容词Iconsideryoubright.3、介词短语Barryfoundhimselfintrouble.4、分词Isawthemplayingfootball.5、不定式Isawthemplayfootball.成分P5表语表语是对主语的补充说明，即表达主语的特征，通常在系动词之后，有下列形式：1、名词Iamateacher.2、代词That’sall.3、形容词Kateiscute.4、副词Anewfilmisontonight.5、介词词组ourclassroomisonthethirdfloor.6、不定式Wearetogohikingtomorrow.7、动名词MyjobisteachingyouEnglish.8、表语从句Thisiswhattheysawlastnight.定语定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词，可以做定语的有：1、形容词IssacNewtonisafamousscientist.2、名词Thisismycarfactory.3、动名词Heisinthesleepingcar.4、分词Lookatthesleepingbaby.5、不定式Ihavenopentowritewith.6、介词短语Ifinallythoughtasolutiontotheproblem.7、副词Iusedtoliveintheroomabove.8、从句Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、程度、方式或伴随情况，可以充当状语的有：1、副词Jillwritesbeautifully.2、介词短语TheSmithsliveinRussia.3、分词短语Notknowingwhattodo,Idecidedtogiveup.4、不定式Hismotheroftencomestoseehim.5、名词Pleasecomethisway.6、状语从句Hewaslatebecausehisbikebrokedown.二、基本句型基本句型又叫核心句型，是英语千变万化的句子的雏形。正是这有限的五大基本句型及其转换形式生成了无限的实用的句子。Pattern1:主-系-表Pattern2:主-谓Pattern3:主-谓-宾Pattern4:主-谓-宾1-宾2Pattern5:主-谓-宾-补Pattern1:主-系-表系动词有纯系动词（be）和半系动词(become,get,turn,grow,go;feel,smell,taste,sound,look;seem,appear;stay,keep,remain;prove,turnout)，其后接表语，即主语的补语。系表结构是句子的谓语。Itishottoday.注1：在汉语中，名词和形容词可独立充当谓语，但英语不可以。Daysaregettinglongerandlonger.Thedeskfeelshard.Heseemedpleasedwithhisresult.Staycalm.注2：半系动词的功能一半是系动词，一半是行为动词。Thedeskfeelshard.变成一般疑问句和否定句，体会一下其行为动词的特性。Pattern2:主-谓谓语是不及物动词，它可有自己的状语。Manalonecansmile.Youmustnottalkinanexam.Afirebrokeoutlastnight.HewenttoKunmingforavisit.HewillgotostudymedicineintheStates.Heranoutoftheroom,climbeddownstairsandlookedaround.注意：状语的位置，英汉有区别吗？Pattern3:主-谓-宾谓语是及物动词，这类动词接一个宾语，因此叫单宾动词。及物动词后面一定接宾语。Jackcandriveacar.Youmayhaveheardthenews.Iwilltakehimhome.ThetrainleavesBeijingatseven.Deathlookedhimintheface.Shedressedherselfinwhite.Weliveahappylife.Cathyheardfromherfatheragain.Pattern4:主-谓-宾1-宾2谓语是及物动词，但是接双宾语。Ihavesenthimsomemoney.ShetoldmethenewsaboutPaul.Wemustgivehersomethingtoeat.Dickcalledherataxi.Hemadehisbrotherakite.Pattern5:主-谓-宾-补宾语和补语统称为复合宾语，谓语为及物动词，也叫复宾动词。WecallhimMr.Know-all.Theyfoundthedogdangerous.Ithinkmyselfindanger.Hemadehimselfheardeasily.Isawhimlyingontheground.Mikeheardsomeonegoupstairs.Iconsideritagreathonourtospeakhere.三、基本句型的转换上面所讲的五大基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，它们可以变为疑问句、否定句和被动句。1、陈述句变为疑问句Itishottoday.Thedeskfeelshard.Jacoboftentellsalie.Iwilltakehimhome.Dickcalledherataxi.Hemadehimselfheardeasily.2、肯定句变为否定句Itisnothottoday.Thedeskdoesnotfeelhard.Jacobdoesn’toftentellalie.Iwillnottakehimhome.Dickdidn’tcallherataxi.Hedidn’tmakehimselfheardeasily.3、主动句变为被动句Jacoboftentellsalie.AlieisoftentoldbyJacob.Iwilltakehimhome.Hewillbetakenhomebyme.Dickcalledherataxi.ShewascalledataxibyDick.AtaxiwascalledforherbyDick.Hemadeherworkdayandnight.Shewasmadetoworkdayandnight.四、基本句型的扩大1、增加修饰语，即适当添加名词或代词的定语，动词、形容词、副词及句子的状语，如：Thechildrenplayed.AllthelovelychildrenofMr.RogersfromEnglandplayedmerrilyattheseasidefrommorningtillnight.还可以用句子来做修饰语，如：ThoughMrs.RogerswasawayinFrance,allthecutechildrenplayedhappilywiththeirfatherRoybecausetherewassomuchfunontheseasideofEngland.2、深化句子结构，如用并列连词将两个简单句连接起来，变成并列句，如：Hegotupveryearly.Wegotupevenearlier.Hegotupveryearly,butwegotupevenearlier.还可以利用从句来承当句子成分，使简单句变为复合句，即主从复合句。如：Thoughhegotupearly,wegotupevenearlier.WemasterEnglish.Itisimportant.ItisimportantthatwemasterEnglish.