APA

APAREFERENCINGWHATISAPASTYLE?•AmericanPsychologicalAssociation•Usesastandardformattokeepinformationconsistent•Isdifferentfrom:AAAstyle,ASAstyle,MLAstyle,TheChicagoManualofStyle,Bluebook,ALWDCitationManual,Harvardreferencing,Vancouversystemetc.WHYCITE?•Citingsourcesproperlyisessentialtoavoidingplagiarisminyourwriting.•Notcitingsourcesproperlycouldimplythattheideas,information,andphrasingyouareusingareyourown,whentheyactuallyoriginatedwithanotherauthor.•Plagiarismcanoccurwhenauthors:•Donotincludeenoughcitationsforparaphrasedinformation;•Paraphraseasourceincorrectly;•Donotusequotationmarks;or•Directlycopyandpastephrasingfromasourcewithoutquotationmarksorcitations.WHERETOCITE?•YouwilluseAPAStyletofilloutyourlistofreferencesinyourbibliography.•Dependingonthetypeofsourceyouuse(e.g.book,journal,website)thecitingwillbeslightlydifferent.•YouwillalsouseAPAStyletoplacesourceswithinthetextofyouressaytoshowthattheideas,concepts,facts,etc.didnotcomefromyou(youareanon-crediblesource,sorry),butinsteadcamefromacrediblesource,oneyourreaderscantrustandbelieve.GUIDELINESFORWHENTOCITE:Whenyou“quote”asource.•Anythingthatincludesactualstatisticsorfigures(i.e.,50%ofthepopulationbelieves...).•Itisnotnecessarytocitecommonknowledge(i.e.,youdonotneedtocitethattheEarthisround).•Youwillcreditasourceeachtimeyoureferencematerialfromasource.•Evenifyouparaphraseorsummarizetheinformationfromthatsource.IN-TEXTCITATIONS:•CitationsarejustoneofthemanyAPAstylerulestomaster.Thepurposeofcitationsistodirectthereadertothesourcewritershaveusedinthereferencelist.•Thisreferenceentrythenallowsthereadertofindtheoriginalsourceawriterhasusedineachsentence.Therulesaremuchsimplerthanyoumightthink.•Therearejustthreemainelementsthatareneededforcitations,andtheywillremainthesameregardlessofthesource:1.Author2.Publicationyear3.Pageorparagraphnumber,whichisonlyrequiredfordirectquotationsIN-TEXTCITATIONS:•Thisinformationappearseitherinthesentence(in-text)orattheend:•Quotations:Kokkinos(2007)describedburnoutasanegativeaffectiveresponseoccurringasresultofchronicworkstress(p.2).•Paraphrasedinthesentence:AccordingtoKokkinos(2007),employerscauseburnoutwhenemployeesarestressedbytoomuchwork.•Paraphrasedattheendofthesentence:Employerscauseburnoutwhenemployeesarestressedbytoomuchwork(Kokkinos,2007).IN-TEXTCITATIONS:•Asyoucansee,theinformationAPArequiresforcitationshelpsdirectthereadertothatparticularsourceinthereferencelist.•Note,then,thatisprobablyagoodideatoconstructyourreferencelistasyouwrite,allowingyoutoknowwhatinformationwillappearinallofyourcitations.METHOD1:FULLQUOTEWITHOUTAUTHOR:JohnKerryrecentlyjoinedmanyotherpoliticiansonbeinglostintheMiddleEast,“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(JohnKerryLostsomewhereinGobiDesert,2013).METHOD2:FULLQUOTEWITHORGANIZATIONASAUTHOR:AccordingtoTheOnion“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(2013).ForthenextfewreferencesletspretendtheAuthorisJohnson!METHOD3:FULLQUOTEWITHAUTHOR:JohnKerryrecentlyjoinedmanyotherpoliticiansonbeinglostintheMiddleEast,“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(Johnson,2013).ForthenextreferenceletsassumethattheinformationIamquotinghasapagenumberMETHOD4:FULLQUOTEWITHAUTHORAccordingtoJohnson,JohnKerryrecentlyjoinedmanyotherpoliticiansonbeinglostintheMiddleEast,“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(2013,p.B8).Source:Johnson,P.(2013,April5).Johnkerrylostsomewhereingobidesert.TheOnion.p.B8.Retrievedfrom:FULLQUOTEWITHMULTIPLEAUTHORS:AccordingtoJohnsonandSimon,JohnKerryrecentlyjoinedmanyotherpoliticiansonbeinglostintheMiddleEast,“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(2013,p.B8).Source:Johnson,P.,Simon,Q.,(2013,April5).Johnkerrylostsomewhereingobidesert.TheOnion.p.B8.Retrievedfrom!METHOD5:FULLQUOTEWITHMULTIPLEAUTHORS:AccordingtoJohnson,Simon,Anderson,Davidson,andEttleburg,JohnKerryrecentlyjoinedmanyotherpoliticiansonbeinglostintheMiddleEast,“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(2013,p.B8).•Nowifweevercitethissourceagain,allwehavetodoisgo:Johnsonetal.,Butwhatifwehavemorethan6Authors?QUOTEWITHMULTIPLEAUTHORS:•AccordingtoJohnsonetal.,JohnKerryrecentlyjoinedmanyotherpoliticiansonbeinglostintheMiddleEast,“JohnKerryhadinadvertentlytraveledtoCentralAsiaandiscurrentlylostsomewhereintheGobiDesert”(2013,p.B8).PARAPHRASING:JohnKerryaccidentallytraveledtoCentralAsiainsteadoftheMiddleEastandisnowmissingsomewhereintheGobiDesert(Johnson,2013).JohnKerryjoinedalargegroupofstateofficialswhogomissingintheGobiDesert.AccordingtoJohnson,JohnKerryaccidentallytraveledtoCentralAs