语法专题8 虚拟语气

语气及语气的种类语气是一种动词形式,用来表示说话者的看法于态度.语气的种类:1.陈述语气(IndicativeMood):表示所说的话是事实.陈述语气用于陈述句.2.祈使语气(ImperativeMood):表示所说的话是请求或者命令.祈使语气用语祈使句中.3.虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood):表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想或者建议等Theyaremakinganewlakeinthepark.他们在公园造一个新湖.WalesliestothewesttoEngland.威尔士位于英格兰的西面.Pleasestopsinging.Don’tbelatenexttime.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotonightschool.我要是你,就上夜校.一、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were)主语+should,would,might,could＋动词原形与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语＋should,would,might,could＋have+过去分词与将来事实相反的假设1、If+主语+动词过去式2、If+主语+wereto+动词原形3、If+主语+should+动词原形主语＋should,would,might,could＋动词原形如果我是你，我就会努力学习．如果我知道他的电话号码，我就给他打电话了．如果明天下雨的话，我们会取消比赛．IfIwereyou,Iwouldworkharderatmylessons.IfIhadknownhistelephonenumber,Iwouldhavecalledhim.Ifitshould\weretorain,wewouldcalloffthematch.Morepractice:eg:IfIhadtime,Iwouldattendthemeeting.Ifhehadhurried,hecouldhavecaughtthetrain.IfIweretogoabroad,IwouldgotoAmerica.使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点：１．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整．Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbebetternow.Ifyouhadstudiedhardbefore,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了．如果你努力学习的话，你现在就会是大学生了．２．省略句在条件句中，可省略if，把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式．IfIwereatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.WereIatschoolagain,Iwouldstudyharder.Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.Shoulditraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoclimbing.注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定式，不能用动词的缩略形式．如我们可以说Wereitnotforexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.不可以说Weren’titfortheexpense,…３、用介词短语代替条件状语从句．常用的介词有with,without,butfor等。如：Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars(=Ifyouhadamilliondollars)?Wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkaheadoftimewithoutyourhelp(=ifwehadn’tgotyourhelp).Butfortherain(=Ifithadn’tbeenfortherain),wewouldhavefinishedthework.４、含蓄条件句。有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不是总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。Iwasillthatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeet.（副词）Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyoubirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.（连词）Imighthavegivenyoumorehelp,butIwastoobusy.（连词）Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theywouldhaveraisedtheiroutputquickly.（独立主格）Iwouldbuythebook,butIhavenotenoughmoney.Iwouldhaveboughtthebook,butIdidn’thaveenoughmoney.Ihaven’tenoughmoney,otherwiseIwouldbuythebook.Ididn’thaveenoughmoney,otherwiseIwouldhaveboughtthebook.我会买那本书的，但我现在没有钱．我会买那本书的，但我当时没有钱．我没有足够的钱．否则我会买那本书的．二、虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用用于宾语从句１、wish用于后面的宾语从句中。用于后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表将来would,might,could＋动词原形Iwish(that)Iwereabird.Iwish(that)Ihadseenthefilmlastnight.Iwish(that)Iwould\couldgo.但愿我能去．2.用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,require,request,demand,desireetc.一坚持；二命令；三建议；四要求Wesuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Theyinsistedthattheboy(should)gowiththem.注意：suggest当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.Themaninsistedthathehadneverstolenthemoney.他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意．那个人坚持说他没有偷钱．用于主语从句中1.常用句型：Itisnecessary／important／strange／natural／impossible/surprising/apity+that从句。从句中的谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可以省略。2.Itissuggested／desired/ordered/requested/demandedthat…Itisnecessarythatyou(should)cleantheroomafterwork.Itisimportantthathe(should)workharderathislessons.Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itisorderedthatthework(should)bedoneatonce.３should表示惊奇、怀疑、不满等情绪，作“竟然”解，should可省略。句型：Itissurprising/apity/strangethat….Itisapitythatheshouldbesocareless.真可惜他竟然如此粗心．Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.他离开时没有说再见是很奇怪的．注意：以上句型也可用陈述语气．Itisstrangethathedidn’tcomeyesterday.Itisapitythatyoucan’tdance.Iamsurprisedthathe____tohelpmewhenIneededitmost.A.shouldrefuseB.wouldhaverefusedC.shouldhaverefusedC在suggestion/proposal/order/plan/advice/idea/request等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should＋动词原形”should可以省略．用于表语从句和同位语从句Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.Mysuggestionthatwe(should)haveameetinghasbeenacceptedbyothers.Weallagreetothatsuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itis(high/about)timethat…从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形，should不能省略．表示“该做某事了”的意思。三、虚拟语气在其他从句中Itishightimethatyouwent/shouldgotoschool.Ifonly引导的感叹句（要是．．．该有多好啊IfonlyIknewtheanswer!IfonlyIhadseenthefilmyesterday!wouldrather+从句从句谓语动词用过去式Iwouldratheryoutoldmethetruth.我宁愿你告诉我真相．asif(asthough)引起的状语从句或者表语从句，从句用过去式或过去完成时，表示“好象是，好似”的意思。evenif(eventhough)即使Hetreatstheboyasifhewerehisownson.HespokeasifhehadknownaboutitEvenifhewerehere,hecouldnotsolvetheproblem.EvenifIhadbeenbusythen,Iwouldhavehelpedyou.Ifitwerenotfor…．Ifithadnotbeenfor…要是没有．．．Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropwoulddie.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavemadesomuchprogress.在口语交际中．虚拟语气省略的情况若一般过去时只保留did,could,were等助动词、情态动词或系动词。若是过去完成时，只保留had若是过去将来时只保留would,might--Haveyoufoundtheanswertothequestion?--IwishIhad.Ican’tgotoBeijingwithyou,butIwishIwould.在Incase和forfearthat“万一；惟恐”引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用should+动词原形Takeanumbrellaincaseitshouldrain/rains.IncaseIshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.Idaren’ttellyouwhathedidforfearthatheshouldbeangrywith.Choosethebestanswer:1.Itisstrangethatthelittleboy_____speaktwoforeignlanguages.A.couldb.canC.shouldD.would2.Hegaveorders