postmodernism-and-Feminism

TheMainTheoriesofPostmodernismGroupFour:黄丹丹：14050201012李幸：14050201013朱各各：14050201014OutlineDeconstructionismFeminismNewHistoricismPost-modernismThepsychoanalyticcriticismofLacanDeconstructionism1.TheDevelopmentofDeconstructionIn1968,thewarnamedanti-governmentmovementbrokeoutwhichwasledbystudentsinFrance.ThismovementisanimportantopportunitythatturnedFrenchideologyandacademyfromstructuralismtodeconstruction.Thestudentmovementwasrepressedintheend,butthismovementmadeFrenchscholarsfeltageneralaversiontothestructuralsystem,sodeconstructionemerged.DeconstructionismhascreatedinBarthes,Foucault,Bakhtin,Lacan'stheory,buttherealestablishmentofthistheoryistheFrenchphilosopherJacquesDerrida.Attheendof19thcentury,NietzscheclaimedthatGodisdead,andaskedrevaluationofallvalues.Fromhisrebelliousideas,itexertedaprofoundinfluenceonthewest.Asaquestioningtherationalityandtosubvertthetraditionalthoughts,Nietzsche'sphilosophyhasbecomeoneoftheideologicaloriginsofthedeconstruction.IntheAmerica,itwasformedbyHillisMiller,JeffreyHartmanastherepresentativeoftheYaleSchooldeconstructioncriticism.2.TheMainStatementofDeconstructionismCritiqueofBinaryOppositionCritiqueofLogocentrismandPhonocentrismDifférance1).CritiqueofBinaryOppositionDerridaconcludesthatWesternmetaphysicsisbasedonasystemofbinaryopposition.Foreachcenter,thereexistsanopposingcenter.However,Deconstructionismaimstoinsistthatthetwooppositesofbinaryoppositionhasrelationshipwitheachother,andtheyarenotdividedintotwocategories.Infact,thetwocategoriesarenotactuallyinanyfixedorcertainformsofexistence.2).CritiqueofLogocentrismLogocentrism(逻各斯中心主义):Thebeliefthatthereisanultimaterealityorcenteroftruththatcanserveasthebasisforallourthoughtsandactions.Inotherwords,theLogocentrismholdtheideathatspeechandmeaning(thetruth,thewordofGod)haveadirectrelationshipbetweenthenaturalinherently.However,deconstructionismstatethatPhilosophyshouldbeconcernedaboutlogosaspossibleconditions,ratherthantreatsthelogosastruthmaycondition.CritiqueofPhonocentrismSpokenwordsareclosertoanoriginatingthoughtthanwrittenwords.ThisprivilegingofspeechoverwritingDerridacallsphonocentrism.Itisalsoaclassicfeatureoflogocentrism.However,Derridaputsforwardtheideaofwritingismoreimportantthanspeech,hewantstobuildasystemthatwritingisiterabilityanddoesnotcanmoreabouttheintensionofthespeakers.4）.Différancewecananalyizeitfromthreeaspect:①Todiffer-thereexistadevelpingandever-lastingdifferenceinthewold(dissimilar);②Todifferre(Latin)-thisdifferenceisscatterring,dispersing③Todefer-Itmeansnevertopostponeanddelay,itwillneverreachtheultimatemeans,atthistime,changehasbecometheeternal;(delay)3.JacquesDerridaandhismajorworkFrenchphilosopher,whoseworkoriginatedtheschoolofdeconstruction,astrategyofanalysisthathasbeenappliedtoliterature,linguistics,philosophy,lawandarchitecture.In1967Derridapublishedthreebooks—SpeechandPhenomena;OfGrammatology;andWritingandDifference,whichintroducedthedeconstructiveapproachtoreadingtexts.FeminismFeminismFeminismcanbedividedintothreestages:LiberalFeminism,RadicalFeminismPost-structuralistFeminism.Liberalfeminismisthefirst-wavefeminismanditdatesbacktotheAVindicationoftheRightsofWomanwrittenbyMaryWollstonecraftin1792.Itsmaingoalistofightforwomen'sDEjureinlegalandpoliticalaspects.Thesecond-wavefeminismraisesfrom1960sto1980s.DominatedbyRadicalfeminism,theybringupthestatementofpatriarchyandholdtheideathattheimprovementofthefemalelifeshouldnotonlypresentinelectionsystem,butalsogodeepintothevariousaspectsoflife,suchasintra-householdlabordivision.Themostcelebratedpoliticaldeclarationislifeispolitics,namely,fightingforownspowerinlifealsohasanimportantpoliticalsignificance.Thethird-wavefeminismadoptstheviewofPost-structuralist.Theybelievethatinthefirstandsecondwaves,feministsthinkthecorrectwayoflifeforwomenissingleandneglectthatindifferentenvironment,therearedifferentkindsofpressure,differentcountermeasuresanddifferentrequirements.1.TheDevelopmentofFeminism2.MainStatementofFeminismWomendemandequalaccesstothesymbolicorder.Liberalfeminism.Equality.Womenrejectthemalesymbolicorderinthenameofdifference.Radicalfeminism.Femininityextolled.Womenrejectthedichotomybetweenmasculineandfeminineasmetaphysical.Theviewisonethathasdeconstructedtheoppositionbetweenmasculinityandfemininity,andthereforenecessarilychallengestheverynotionofidentity.3.TheRepresentativeworkVirginiaWoolfistheforerunner,indeedthe“mother”ofthecontemporaryAnglo-Americanfeminism.InherARoomofOne’sOwn,thereisthewordslikefollowing“havegonecrazy,shotherself,orendedherdaysinsomelonelycottageoutsidethevillage,halfwitch,halfwizard,fearedandmockedat”Inaspeech,Woolfcallsonwomen,eventhoughthisAngel“dieshard.”Butoneshouldhavetokillher,sheasserts,beforeonecouldbewomanwriterforwomen.NewHistoricism1.TheDevelopmentofNewHistoricismItisprobablytruethatitsnewnessmayrelatetothe“NewHistory,”thatwhichsince1960sis“opposedtoorthodoxhistoriographybecauseofitsconcentrationonpoliticalanddiplomaticevents,anditsrelianceonnarrativeastheessentialmeansofarticulatingth