多不饱和脂肪酸的研究进展-杭晓敏

562001,Vol.21,No.4杭晓敏唐涌濂柳向龙(200240)多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)为一独特的生物活性物质,在生物系统中具有广泛的功能过去二十年的研究已经揭示了其作用参与类二十烷的代谢机理及在哺乳动物中的体内平衡功能越来越多的研究认为:在类二十烷代谢系统中,采用普通的医疗条件诊治因多不饱和脂肪酸吸收和代谢紊乱所致的疾病效果甚微随着PUFAs开发应用领域的扩大,纯PUFAs脂质的需求量越来越多,而来自于植物哺乳动物和海洋鱼的PUFAs远远不能满足市场需求,微生物特别是藻类真菌能合成几乎所有的PUFAs并能在工业规模上培育而被视为有开发价值的可替代的生物资源多不饱和脂肪酸生物活性类二十烷体内平衡微生物营养(PolyunsaturatedFattyAcids,PUFAs),,,PUFAs[1)2],,PUFAs,C18)22PUFAs,,:(Linoleate,LA)A-(A-Linolenate,ALA)X-6X-3PUFAs,X-6:C-(C-Linolenate,GLA)-X-(dihomo-X-linolenate,DHGLA)(Arachidonate,AA),X-3PUFAs(Eicosapentaenoate,EPA),(Docosapentaenoate,DPA)(Docosahexaenoate,DHA)1PUFAs,,[3)5],PUFAs,1,(desaturase,DS)(elongase,EL),PUFAs,,C18C18PUFAs,GLAALA,,$4$5$6$9DS($4DS),LAALAPUFAs,PUFAs,LAGLAALA,AAEPADHAAAPUFAs,,PUFAs[3,6],,,,PUFAs,:LA,PUFAs,,PUFAsGLAEPADHAPUFAs,PUFAs18DOI10.13523/j.cb.20010404(Cy-anobateria)$6DS,LAGLA(1),GLAAAEPADHA,PUFAs1,PUFAsPUFAs,PUFAs,MucoralesGLAAAEPADHA[4)5,7)8],ChlorophyceaeCryptophyceaeGLAALAEPA;PhaeophyceaeRhodophyceaeAAEPA;DinophyceaeEPADHA[4)5,9)10];Eubacteria,EubacteriaEPA[4,11],:PUFAs,PUFAs,,,PUFAs[3)5]2,PUFAs,,PUFAs,PUFAs[11)12][12)13]PUFAs,19[14],,PUFAs,,,:[12)14],,PUFAs,(1),PUFAs,,[15],,,,PUFA-,,PUFAsAA,PUFAs,:PUFAs,,PUFAs[16]DyerbergBang[1,18]:,[16)17],PUFAs,X-3PUFAsX-6X-3X-3,,(X-6)X-3PUFAs,,X-3X-6PUFAs310000,,X-6X-31B14B1[36],,X-3,X-6X-3PUFAs10B130B1,PUFAs,:PUFAs3%,8~23%,X-6X-34B110B1[19]PUFAsPUFAs[16],PUFAs,PUFAs,,PUFAs:X-3PUFAs,:PUFAs,PUFAs[16],PUFAs,,PUFAs,PUFAs,GLAEPADHAPUFAs,,:PUFAs,PUFAs[1]Derberg,J.,Nutr.Rev.44:125-134,1986[2]Lands,W.E.M.,inHealthEffectsofPolyunsaturatedFattyAcidsinSeafood,editedbyA.P.Simopoulous,KiferR.R.andMar-tin,R.E.AcademicPress,1986,pp.319-352.[3]Yongmanitchai,W.andWard,O.P.,Pro.Biochem.24,117-20125,1989[4]Ratledge,C.inTechnologicalAdvancesinImprovedandAlternativeSourcesofLipids,editedbyKamel,B.S.andKatuda,Y.,BlackieAcademic,1994,pp.235-291.[5]Ratkedge,C.,TrendsBiotechnol.11,278-284,1993.[6]Mishra,V.K.,Temelli,F.andOoraikul,B.,FoodRes.Int.26,217-226,1993.[7],,..24,18-20,1998.[8],,..24,27-31,1997.[9]MolinaGrima,E.,DanchezPerez,J.A.Appl.Microbiol.Bio-technol.41,23-27,1994.[10]Vazhappill,R.AndChen,F.,J.Am.OilChem.Soc.75,393-397,1998.[11]Yazawa,K.,Watanabe,K.,Ishikawa,C.,Konado,K.andKimura,S.,inIndustrialApplicationsofSingleCellOils,editedbyKyle,D.J.andRatledge,C.,AmericanOilChemists.Soci-ety,Champaign,IL,USA,pp.29-51,1992.[12]Snuth.W.L.andBorgeat,P.,inBiochemistryofLipidsandMembranes,editedbyVance,D.E.andVance,J.E.,BenjaminCummings,RedwoodCity,CA,USA,pp.325-360,1985.[13]Grammatikos,S.I.,Subbaiah,P.V.,Victor,T.A.andMiller,W.M.,Cytotechnology,15,31-50,1994.[14]Clarke,S.D.andJump,D.B.,Lipids31,S7-S11,1996.[15]Gerwick,W.H.,Biochem,Biophys.ActaLipidsLipidMetabol.1211,243-255,1994.[16]Nettleton,J.A.,Omega-3FattyAcidsandHealth,Chapman&Hall,1994.[17]German,J.B.,Dillard,C.J.andWhelan,J.,J.Nutr.126,S19-S45,1993.[18]Dyerberg,J.andBang,H.O.,Lancet11,433-440,1979.[19]Marshall,A.andVanElswyk,M.E.,Nutr.Today30,207-213,1995.ProgressintheResearchonPolyunsaturatedFattyAcidsHangXiao-minTangYong-lianLiuXiang-long(SchoolofLifeScienceandBiotechnologyShanghaiJiaotongUniversityShanghai200240)AbstractPolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)areuniquebioactivesubstancesthatshowawiderangeoffunctionsinbiologicalsystem.Investigationsoverthepasttwodecadeshaveuncoveredtheirrolesandthoseoftheireicosanoidme-tabolites,andhavehighlightedtheirhomeostaticfunctionsinmammals.Agrowingnumberofcommonhumanmedicalconditionsarethoughttobetraceabletodysfunctionsintheeicosanoidsystem,whichcouldinturnbeduetoimbalancesintheintakeand/ormetabolismofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids.However,ithasbecomeevidentthatproductionfromplants,mammalsandfishisinadequateforsupplyingtheex-pandingPUFAmarket.Algaeandfungihavelongbeenrecognizedaspromisingsources,particularlyastheycansynthe-sizetheentirerangeofPUFAsandcanbegrownonanindustrialscale.KeywordsPolyunsaturatedFattyAcids,Bioactivesubstance,Eicosanoid,Homeostatics,Microorganisms,Nutri-tion21