英语语言学Roman-Jakobson

RomanJakobsonRussianlinguist＆literarytheorist•beriefintroduction•lifeandwork•legacyBriefIntroduction•Hewentontoapplythesametechniquesofanalysistosyntaxandmorphology,andcontroversiallyproposedthattheybeextendedtosemantics(thestudyofmeaninginlanguage).•HemadenumerouscontributionstoSlaviclinguistics,mostnotablytwostudiesofRussiancaseandananalysisofthecategoriesoftheRussianverb.•DrawingoninsightsfromCharlesSandersPeirce'ssemiotics(符号学）,aswellasfromcommunicationtheoryandcybernetics（控制论）,heproposedmethodsfortheinvestigationofpoetry,music,thevisualarts,andcinema.HisEarlyLife•JakobsonwasborninRussiaon11October1896toawell-to-dofamilyofJewishdescent,hedevelopedafascinationwithlanguageataveryyoungage.•HestudiedattheLazarevInstituteofOrientalLanguagesandthenattheHistoricalPhilologicalFacultyofMoscowUniversity.•AsastudenthewasaleadingfigureoftheMoscowLinguisticCircleandtookpartinMoscow'sactiveworldofavant-gardeartandpoetry.PragueSchool•In1926,togetherwithVilémMathesiusandothershebecameoneofthefoundersofthePragueschooloflinguistictheory.•Itsproponentsdevelopedmethodsofstructuralistliteraryanalysisduringtheyears1928–1939.Therehisnumerousworksonphoneticshelpedcontinuetodevelophisconcernswiththestructureandfunctionoflanguage.AfterWorldWarII,thecirclewasdisbandedbutthePragueSchoolcontinuedasamajorforceinlinguisticfunctionalism.InCzechoslovakia捷克斯洛伐克•1920wasayearofpoliticalfightsinRussia,andJakobsonrelocatedtoPragueasamemberoftheSovietdiplomaticmissiontocontinuehisdoctoralstudies.•Jakobson'suniversalizingstructural-functionaltheoryofphonology,basedonamarkednesshierarchyofdistinctivefeatures,wasthefirstsuccessfulsolutionofaplaneoflinguisticanalysisaccordingtotheSaussureanhypotheses.EscapesBeforetheWar•JakobsonescapedfromPragueinearlyMarch1939viaBerlinforDenmark,wherehewasassociatedwiththeCopenhagenlinguisticcircle.•WhenSwedishcolleaguesfearedapossibleGermanoccupation,hemanagedtoleaveonacargoship,togetherwithErnstCassirer(theformerrectorofHamburgUniversity)toNewYorkCityin1941tobecomepartofthewidercommunityofintellectualémigréswhofledthere.CareerintheUSA•InNewYork,hebeganteachingatTheNewSchool,stillcloselyassociatedwiththeCzechemigrecommunityduringthatperiod.•In1949JakobsonmovedtoHarvardUniversity,whereheremaineduntilhisretirementin1967.InhislastdecadehemaintainedanofficeattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,wherehewasanhonoraryProfessorEmeritus.Intheearly1960sJakobsonshiftedhisemphasistoamorecomprehensiveviewoflanguageandbeganwritingaboutcommunicationsciencesasawhole.•JakobsondiedinCambridge,Massachusettson18July1982.RelatedResearchJakobson,ontheotherhand,hadcomeintocontactwiththeworkofSaussure,anddevelopedanapproachfocusedonthewayinwhichlanguage'sstructureserveditsbasicfunction(synchronicapproach)–tocommunicateinformationbetweenspeakers.Jakobsonwasalsowellknownforhiscritiqueoftheemergenceofsoundinfilm.Jakobsonreceivedamaster'sdegreefromMoscowUniversityin1918.TheroriesThecommunicationfunctions:•referential(contextualinformation)•aesthetic/poetic(auto-reflection)•emotive(self-expression)•conative(vocativeorimperativeaddressingofreceiver)•phatic(checkingchannelworking)•metalingual(checkingcodeworking)LegacyJakobson'sthreeprincipalideasinlinguisticswhicharetightlyintertwinedplayamajorroleinthefieldtothisday:•1.typology(类型学）istheclassificationoflanguagesintermsofsharedgrammaticalfeatures(asopposedtosharedorigin)•2.markedness（标记理论）is(veryroughly)astudyofhowcertainformsofgrammaticalorganizationaremorenaturalthanothers•3.linguisticuniversalsisthestudyofthegeneralfeaturesoflanguagesintheworld.DoyouhaveabriefunderstandingofRomanJakobsonnow?Thankyou!