换言之翻译理论

1Chapterone:Whatistranslation1.EugeneNidaTranslationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessagefirstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.Notes:l).Here,“equivalent”cannotbetakenasthe“identity”ofthesourcelanguage.2).Itisthemessageorinformationthatisconveyedthroughtranslationnottheformalstructureofsourcelanguage.3).Meaningisalwaysthefirstconsideration.4).Styleissomethingthatcannotbeignored.Nida’stranslationprinciple:Dynamicequivalence&FunctionalequivalenceNida:Thetranslatoristoproduceasnearlypossiblethesameeffectonhisreaderaswasproducedonthereaderoftheoriginal.2.PeterNewmarkTranslationisacraftconsistingintheattempttoreplaceawrittenmessageand/orstatementinonelanguagebythesamemessageand/orstatementinotherlanguage.Fromtheangleofcontextualanalysis,heputforward2translationapproaches.(l)SemantictranslationAtranslationinwhichthetranslatorattemptswithinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsofthetargetlanguagetoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheauthor.Ittendstostrivetoreproducetheformoftheoriginalascloselyastargetlanguagenormswillallow.Itfocusprimarilyonthesemanticcontentofthesourcetext.(2)CommunicativetranslationAtermusedtorefertoanyapproachwhichviewstranslationasacommunicativeprocesswhichtakesplacewithinasocialcontext.Itwillgenerallyorientedtowardthe2needsoftheTLreaderorrecipient.ItisalsodefinedbyNetworkasoneof2methodsoftranslationinwhichthetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreaderaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders.Eg.巧媳妇做不出没米的粥Semantictranslation:Eventhecleveresthousewifecannotcookamealwithoutnice.Communicativetranslation:Eventhecleveresthousewifecannotmakebreadwithoutflour.3.HuangLongTranslationmaybedefinedasthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage.3Chapter2:WhatistranslationtheoryaboutTranslationtheory’smainconcernistodetermineappropriatetranslationmethodsforthewidestpossibilityoftextortext-categories.Itprovidesaframeworkofprinciple,restrictedrulesandhintsfortranslationtextsandcriticizingtranslationabackgroundforproblem-solving.Thetheorydemonstratesthepossibletranslationproceduresandthevariousargumentsforandagainsttheuseofonetranslationratherthananotherinaparticularcontext.Translationtheoryattemptstogivesomeinsightintotherelationbetweenthought,meaningandlanguage,theuniversalculturalandindividualaspectsoflanguageandbehavior,theunderstandingofculture,theinterpretationoftextsthatmaybeclassifiedandevensupplementbywayoftranslation.Thus,translationtheorycoversawiderangeofpursuits,attemptsalwaystobeuseful,toassisttheindividualtranslatortoolsbystimulatinghimtowritebetterandtosuggestpointsofargumentoncommontranslationproblems.4ChapterThree:Typesoftranslation1.Intermsoflanguagenative--foreign2.IntermsofmodeA.translationB.interpretationC.machinetranslation3.IntermsoftextgenresA.scientificandtechnologicaltranslationB.newstranslationC.translationofpracticalwritingD.translationofargumentativewriting4.IntermsofdisposalA.Full-texttranslation全译B.Abridgedtranslation摘译C.Adaptedtranslation编译5.IntermsofmaterialA.Intralingualtranslation语内翻译B.Interlingualtranslation语际翻译C.Intersemiotictranslation符际翻译5ChapterFour:Criteriaoftranslation1.YanFu严复Faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance信，达，雅Faithfulness:thefullandcompleteconveyingoftheoriginalcontentandthought.Expressiveness:demandsthattheversionshouldbeclearandflowingwithoutanygrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense，Elegance:referstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforetheHanDynasty.2.LiuChongde刘重德Faithfulness,expressiveness.closeness信，达，切Faithfulness:tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal.Expressiveness.tobeasexpressiveandsmoothastheoriginal.Closeness:tobeasclosetotheoriginalstyleaspossible.3.LuXun鲁迅Atranslationshouldbeeasytounderstandandpreservetheoriginalflavourofthesourcetext.Ratherbefaithful(inthought)thansmooth(inlanguage).宁信而不顺LiangShiqiu梁实秋Itisbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone,4.FuLei傅雷Spiritualconformity/similarityinspiritTargetlanguageshouldbesimilartosourcelanguagebothinformandspirit.Astotheeffect,translationoughttobelikecopyingapicture,theaimisnotaresemblanceofformbutratherasemblanceofspirit.5.QianZhongshu钱钟书Sublimedadaptation/sublimation化境6Thehighestmeasureofliterarytranslation)istransformation(化)Apieceofwritingtakenfromonelanguagetoanotherwithoutshowingstraininflictedbydifferencesinlanguagecustomswhileperfectlypreservingtheoriginalstylecanbesaidtobeatransformation，6.AlexanderFraserTyter泰特勒三原则EssayonPrincipleofTranslation:A.Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork,译作应完全复写原作的思想B.Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.译作风格，手法应和原作属同一性质C.Atranslationshouldhaveallthecaseoftheoriginalcomposition.译作应有原创作品的通顺Agoodtranslationisonewhichthemeritsoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehendedandasstronglyfeltbyanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.7.TwounanimouslyacceptedcriteriaA.Faithfulness忠实Faithfuln