语言学第四单元课后答案--syntax--树状图--the-s-rule

syntax1.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.a)Theoldladysuddenlyleft.DetANQualVb)Thecarstoppedattheendoftheroad.DetNVPDetNPDetNc)Thesnowmighthaveblockedtheroad.DetNAuxAuxVDetNd)Heneverappearsquitemature.NQualVDegA2.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.a)fullofpeopleAPAPNfullofpeopleb)astoryaboutasentimentalgirlNPNPPPDetNPNPDetANastoryaboutasentimentalgirlc)oftenreaddetectivestoriesVPQualVNPANoftenreaddetectivestoriesd)theargumentagainsttheproposalsNPNPPPDetNPNPDetNtheargumentagainsttheproposals2e)movetowardsthewindowVPVPPPDetNmovetowardsthewindow3.Drawphrasestructuretreesforeachofthefollowingsentences.a)Thejetlanded.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNPstVThejetlandedb)Marybecameveryill.InflP(=S)NPInflVPNPstVAPDegAMarybecameveryillc)Whatwillyoutalkabout?CPNPCSNInflNPInflVPVPNPVPNWhatwillyouetalkabouted)Theapplemighthittheman.SNPVPDetNAuxVNPDetN3TheapplemighthitthemanORInflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNVNPDetNTheapplemighthitthemane)Heoftenreadsdetectivestories.SNPVPNQualVNPANHeoftenreadsetectivestoriesORInflP(=S)NPInflVPPresNQualVNPANHeoftenreadsetectivestories4.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.a)Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplane.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVNPDetAN4Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplaneb)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVPPPNPDetANAhugemoonhungintheblackskyc)Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVPPPNPDetNAnunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeetingd)Aquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPPstVPPANPNPDetANAquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill5.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.InflP(=S)5NPVPNAuxVNPDetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpantsORInflP(=S)NPVPNInflVNPDetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpantsb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentoutORInflP(=S)NPInflVPNPstVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentout6c)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVPNPVAPNVAPNMaryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatisticsORInflP(=S)NPInflVPNPresVPCONVPVPNPVPNPVAPNVAPNMaryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatisticsd)Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein.SSCONSNPVPNPVPDetNVAdvDetANVAdvThedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancameine)Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt.SNPVPCPNVCSSCONSNPVPNPVPNAuxVDetNAuxV7Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt6.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.a)YouknowthatIhatewar.SNPVPCPNVCSNPVPNPNVNYouknowthatIhatewarORCPCInflP(=S)NPInflVPCPNPresVCSNPVPNVNPNYouknowthatIhatewarb)HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover.SNPVPCPNVCSNPVPCPNVCSNPVPDetNVLA8HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasoverc)Gerrycan’tbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.SNPVPNVPNPCPAuxNegVNPCSDetNNPVPNVNPDetANGerrycannotbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexamd)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.SNPVPCPNVLACSNPVPDetNVNPNPNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Roycee)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.SNPVPCPDetNVPCSVPNPVPNVNPNThechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings7.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructure9treesforeachofthesentences.a)Theessaythathewrotewastoolong.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPInflVPNVNPNTheessayhewrotethatwastoolongSurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPNPInflVPNNPstVNPNTheessaythathewroteewastoolongb)Thedogthathekeepsbites.DeepstructureCPCS10NPVPDetNCPVCInflSPresNPVPNVNPNThedoghekeepsthatbitesSurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVCSNPNPInflVPNNPresVNPNThedogthathekeepsebitesc)Herbertfoundthemansheloved.Deepstructure11CPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPDetNCSNPInflVPNPNVNHerbertfoundthemanshelovedwhoSurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPDetNSCNPInflVPNPNPNVNNHerbertfoundtheman(whom)sheloveded)Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithmajorsinlinguistics.12DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCInflSNNPVPPPNQualVPNPVPNThegirlheoftenquarrelswithwhommajorsinlinguisticsSurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCSNNPNPInflVPPPNNQualVPNP13VPNThegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithemajorsinlinguistics8.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPAdvPNInflVAdvyouwouldcometomorrowSurfacestructureCPCSVPNPAdvPInflNInflVAdvwouldyouecometomorrowb)Canyoupassmethenewspaper?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPNPNPNInflVNDetNyoucanpassmethenewspaperSurfacestructure14CPCSVPInflNPNPNPNInflVNDetNCanyouepassmethenewspaperc)Shouldthestudentsreporttheincident?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPNPDetNInflVDetNthestudentsshouldreporttheincidentSurfacestructureCPCSVPInflNPNPDetNInflVDetNshouldthestudentsereporttheincidentd)Whatdidyoueatforlunch?Deepstructur