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C-ETRANSLATION翻译概论翻译的定义翻译的标准直译与意译归化与异化第一章目录:翻译课程不仅仅要讲翻译实践,而且还应该讲翻译历史与翻译理论,这三者的关系应该是平等互动的关系,不能偏废。翻译史是对翻译理论和翻译实践的线性总结,翻译理论是在不同的历史时期对翻译实践的总结归纳和升华,而翻译实践则是翻译理论和翻译历史的基础。没有翻译实践,无论翻译理论还是翻译历史都无从谈起。——林克难1.翻译的定义和内涵:译史译论译作并重经验科学中西合璧——林克难11综合各家之长:*翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。*Translationisanactivityofreproducinginonelanguagetheideaswhichhavebeenexpressedinanotherlanguage.翻译的定义第一节翻译的作用与使命6Functionsoftranslation:–ameansofcross-linguistic,cross-culturalcommunication;–aninstrumentfortransmittingculture;–atechniqueforimprovinglanguageacquisition;–encouragingsocialdevelopmentmain2.中国几位翻译家的理论严复:信达雅傅雷:神似钱钟书:化境刘重德:信、达、切第二节翻译标准•中国翻译理论家的标准:15翻译的标准Principleoftranslationfaithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance(信、达、雅).-----严复《天演论》faithfulness,expressiveness,closeness(信、达、切)---刘重德《翻译十讲》spiritualconformity(神似)强调原作神韵再现。神似论(godlikeness):以效果而论,翻译应当象临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。-----傅雷《高老头》译序fairy化境;transmigration转世把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于化境。-----钱仲书《林纾的翻译》16鲁迅:翻译:一当然力求其易解,一则保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴,提出“宁信而不顺”之原则。目的:引入英文句式的表达法林语堂的“忠实、通顺、美”梁实秋的“宁错务顺”目的:可读性强,便于交流。瞿秋白的“信顺统一”许渊冲的“音美、形美、意美(三美)”翻译的标准Criteriaforbeginners:FaithfulnessSmoothness17有人说,翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translationislikedancinginfetters);还有人说,翻译像女人,忠实的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠实。实际上,忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。西方翻译理论家的标准:18*“泰特勒三原则”*奈达(美)的“动态对等”和“功能对等”*纽马克(英)的“文本中心”论CriteriaintheWest翻译的标准19十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒(AlexanderFraserTytler,1747-1814)。他在《论翻译的原则》(EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation)一书中提出了著名的翻译三原则:(1)译文应完全复写出原作的思想(Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.)(2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal.)(3)译文应和原作同样流畅(Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.)ThreePrinciplesofTranslation:翻译的标准20美国翻译理论家EugeneA.Nida:把翻译中的“意义”概括成“语义”和“语体”:Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。)翻译的标准13译者素养Qualitiesforagoodtranslator*1.goodbi-lingualcompetence,esp.understandingandexpressing*2.broadknowledge*3.translationstrategies,techniques*4.carefulandconscientious(谨慎的)attitudemain34LiteraltranslationInthecourseoftranslation,notaltertheoriginalsentencepattern,structure,image,figuresofspeech.Ittakessentencesasitsbasicunitsandtakesthewholetextintoconsideration.Itstrivestoreproduceboththeideologicalcontentandthestyleoftheoriginalworks.Thetranslationshouldbesmooth,naturalandacceptable.main第三节直译与意译33TranslatingMethodsLiteraltranslationFreetranslationTransliteration35直译:人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题,即如何在保持原语形式的同时,不让其意义失真36直译的例子:crocodiletears鳄鱼的眼泪;armedtotheteeth武装到牙齿;chainreaction连锁反应;gentlemen’sagreement君子协定onecountry,twosystems一国两制;Thethreereligionsandthenineschoolsofthought三教九流;papertiger纸老虎;37直译不等于死译(deadtranslation):街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Womeninthestreetshouldbecalledontodosomecleaning.“Inthestreet”shouldbereplacedby“inthecommunity”.她一大早起床,进城,见到了她的公爹.Shegotupearly,wenttothetownandsawherpublicfather.Publicfathershouldbefatherinlaw.38FreetranslationTranslatethecontent,withoutpayingattentiontotheformalcorrespondenceandthetranslationshouldbesmooth,naturalandacceptable.Itisasupplementarymeanstomainlyconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouthavingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech,images,etc.39意译:人们认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式,当形式成为翻译的障碍时,就要采取意译。40意译的例子:1.Itrainscatsanddogs.2.atsixesandsevens3.Oneboyisaboy,twoboyhalfaboy,threeboynoboy.Everybody'sbusinessisnobody'sbusiness.三个和尚无水喝41Literalorfreetranslation?Valuableleftinfullviewcanbeopeninvitationtotheft.–直译:把贵重物品放在显眼处,等于是给小偷发请帖。–意译:应妥善保管贵重物品,以防被盗。Agiftisthekeytoopenthedoorclosedagainst.–直译:礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。–意译:大门把你关在外,礼物送到门自开。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.–直译:每个人的一生都既有玫瑰,又有荆棘。–意译:人生总是有苦有乐,甘苦参半。42Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish直译:小鱼不吃大鱼意译:胳膊拧不过大腿天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福直译:Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnatureandbadluckbefallsmenovernight.意译:Theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.43*Itmeanskilling2birdswithonestone.*Don’tteachyourgrandmothertosuckeggs.教老祖母吃鸡蛋(班门弄斧)–Neveroffertoteachafishtoswim.–Don’tdisplayyouraxeatluBan’sdoor.*HitlerwasarmedtotheteethwhenhelunchedWWII.*Don’tshedcrocodiletears.44Inthekingdomoftheblind,theone-eyedmanisKing.山中无老虎,猴子称霸王breatheone’slast断气–Topaythedebtofnature;了结尘缘–thelongsleep长眠–passaway–seeMarx见马克思–seeone’sancestors–gotoone’sexternalrest安息–blowoutthecandles吹灯拔蜡–gowest上西天–gotoheaven上天堂–kickthebucket蹬腿Youcankickeverythingbutyoucannotkickthebucket.45Transliteration(音译)1)pronunciation–YinYang,gongfu,kowtou2)namesandplaceswithspecialmeaningandimplication–typhoon,model,hacker3)similarmeaningandsimilarpronunciationfortrademarksorbrandnames–Kodak;4)abbreviations(缩略语)acronyms(首字母缩略词)–CPU-CentralProcessingUnit中央处理器–OPEC欧佩克(石油输出国组织)main1.增译法(Amplification)知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知己不知彼,每战必殆。(若)知己(而又)知彼,(则)百战不殆;(若)不知彼而知己,(则)(将)一胜(及)一负;(若)不知己(而又)不知彼,(则)每战(将)必殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourselfbutleaveyourse
本文标题:1.第一章:翻译概论
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