figures-of-speech(英语修辞格复习总结)

5.FiguresofSpeech5.1PhoneticFiguresofSpeech(语音辞格)5.2SemanticFiguresofSpeech(语义辞格)5.3LogicalFiguresofSpeech(逻辑辞格)5.4SyntacticFiguresofSpeech(句法辞格)5.1PhoneticFiguresofSpeech5.1.1Alliteration(头韵)Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals(间隔)andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalledfrontrhyme.Forinstance:thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.5.1.2Assonance(押韵/部分谐音)Ithastodowiththerepetitionorresemblanceofvowelsoundsinthestressedsyllablesofasequenceofwords,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants.Forinstance:Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,thelowingherdwindslowlyo'erthelea;theplowmanhomeworkplodshiswearyway,andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.5.1.3Consonance(尾韵)Ithastodowiththerepetitionofthefinalandidenticalconsonantswhoseprecedingvowelsaredifferent.Forinstance:Shetippedherloyalbigdogabighug.5.1.4Onomatopoeia(拟声)Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive(提示的)ofsomeactionormovement.Forinstance:ontheroofoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.5.1.5Aposiopesis(说话中断法)Itisarhetoricaldeviceofsuddenlystoppinginmid-sentence,asiftosaymorewouldbesuperfluous.AnexamplewouldbethethreatGetout,orelse—!Thisdeviceoftenportraysitsusersasovercomewithpassion(fear,anger,excitement)ormodesty.5.1.6Apostrophe(顿呼)Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson(deadorabsent)isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance:England!awake!awake!awake!5.1.7Pun(双关)Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance:acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Herearmshastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)5.2SemanticFiguresofSpeech5.2.1Simile(明喻)Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample:Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.5.2.2Metaphor(隐喻)Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample:theworldisastage.5.2.3Metonymy(转喻)Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanother.Forinstance:thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces).5.2.4Synecdoche(提喻)Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance:theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.5.2.5Antonomasia(换喻)Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisstillinfrequentuse.Forexample:Solomonforawiseman;Danielforawiseandfairjudge;Judasforatraitor.5.2.6Personification(拟人)Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).Forexample:thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.5.2.7Parody(戏仿)Itisakindofimitationwhichborrowsthestyleandtechniquesofatextorwriter’sidiolectandfitsnewsubjectmattertoit.Itisoftenusedforahumorousorsatiricalpurpose.Forexample:tosmokeornottosmoke,thatisaquestion．5.2.8Synesthesia(通感)Itreferstothemixingofsensationsorthestimulationofonesensethatproducesamentalimpressionassociatedwithadifferentsense.Forexample:Posnerlipstick：Musictoyourlips.5.2.9Transferredepithet(移就)Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify(修饰)toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.Forinstance:Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.5.3LogicalFiguresofSpeech*5.3.1Allegory(讽喻)Allegoryisastoryeitherinverseorinprosewithadoublemeaning:surfacemeaning—astory,andunder-the-surfacemeaning—ahiddentruth.Inallegories,namesofthecharactersandplacesareoftensymbolsofcertainqualities.InBanyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,fromthenamesofthecharacters“Christian”,“Mr.Blind-man”,‘Mr.No-good”,thenamesofplaces“VanityFair”,“CelestialCity”,wecaneasilyunderstandthemeaningbehindthesenames.*5.3.2Allusion(暗引)Itisacasual,briefandimplicitreferencetoafamoushistoricalorliteraryfigureorawell-knownhistoricalevent.Forinstance:shesatthereallnightassilentasthesphinx.5.3.3Hyperbole(夸张)Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance:healmostdiedlaughing.5.3.4Understatement(含蓄陈述)Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance:Itisnolaughingmatter.5.3.5Irony(反语)Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance:wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.5.3.6Innuendo(暗讽)Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout(曲折)wayatsomethingdisparaging(不一致)oruncomplimentary(不赞美)tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample:theweathermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.5.3.7Euphemism(委婉)Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableo