过去完成时(详细讲解)

Grammar(A)ThePastPerfectTenseThepresentperfecttense（现在完成时）Have/has+thepastparticipleIhavereceivedaletterfromLilyrecently.Hashehandedinherhomeworkyet?HehasjustgonetoBeijing.TheyhaveneverbeentotheUSA.Wehavelivedherefortenyears.过去完成时使用要点：1两个动作都发生在过去。2一个先发生，一个后发生。先发生的动作用过去完成，后发生的动作用一般过去。•Audreyhadputallhereffortintoballettrainingbeforesheenteredthefilmindustry.•AudreyhadbeenamodelbeforeshebecameaHollywoodsuperstar.•AudreyhadwonanOscarforBestActressalreadywhenshewontheTonyAwards.formeractionlateractionlateractionformeractionformeractionlateractionWhichhappenedfirst?1.Millieranbacktoschool.Millielefthermagazineintheclassroom.2.Simonleftschoollate.Thefootballgamestartedlate.3.Danielarrivedoutofbreath.Danielwenttothewrongcinema.becausebecausebecauseMillieranbacktoschoolbecauseshehadlefthermagazineintheclassroom.Simonleftschoollatebecausethefootballgamehadstartedlate.Danielarrivedoutofbreathbecausehehadgonetothewrongcinema.Whichhappenedfirst?1.Millieranbacktoschool.Millielefthermagazineintheclassroom.2.Simonleftschoollate.Thefootballgamestartedlate.3.Danielarrivedoutofbreath.Danielwenttothewrongcinema.becausebecausebecauseMillieranbacktoschoolbecauseshehadlefthermagazineintheclassroom.Simonleftschoollatebecausethefootballgamehadstartedlate.Danielarrivedoutofbreathbecausehehadgonetothewrongcinema.4.Amylostherpurse.Amywenttothepolicestation.5.Theprogramwasonforhalfanhour.Igothome.6.ShelearntmanyEnglishwords.Shecametoourschool.afterwhenbeforeAmywenttothepolicestationaftershehadlostherpurse.TheprogramhadbeenonforhalfanhourwhenIgothome.ShehadlearntmanyEnglishwordsbeforeshecametoourschool.SomethinginGreen’sfamilyyesterdayMr.Greengotupat6:30a.m.Mrs.Greengotreadyforthebreakfastbefore6:30a.m.Mrs.GreenhadgotreadyforthebreakfastwhenMr.Greengotupat6:30a.m.SomethinginGreen’sfamilyyesterdayJimfinishedhishomeworkat7:00p.m.Mr.Greendrovebackhomeat7:30p.m.Jimhadfinishedhishomeworkwhenhisfatherdrovebacklastnight.SomethinginGreen’sfamilyyesterdaySarafinishedhercomputerworkat12:00p.m.Jimwenttosleepat10:00p.m.JimhadgonetosleepwhenSarafinishedhercomputerwork.pastperfecttense（过去完成时）由had+过去分词构成表示过去的过去生的动作构成方式:肯定句:had+动词的过去分词否定句:hadnot+过去分词一般疑问句:had+主语+过去分词肯定回答:Yes,主语+had.否定回答:No,主语+hadn’t.基本用法:1.过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态或表示经历或经验.(1)我说自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰而生气.辨别：自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰而生气.Isaidmotherhadbeenangryaboutyourlazinesssincewemovedhere.Motherhasbeenangryaboutyourlazinesssincewemovedhere.Thefilmhadbegunbeforewegottothecinema.(2)我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.2.过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能延续下去的动作。常和by或since,for引导的表时间的从句或短语连用,但必须要与一个表示过去时的动作相对照.1)他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年。辨别：他已经在那所学校工作了三年。Hehadworkedinthatschoolforthreeyearsbeforehecametoourschool.Hehasworkedinthatschoolforthreeyears我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.Thefilmhadbegunbeforewegottothecinema.2）当Millie到达电影院的时候,电影已经开始了半个小时了.ThefilmhadalreadybeenonforhalfanhourwhenMilliegottothecinema.3）到2005年，我在这工作已经五年了。试比较：Bytheyear2005,Ihadworkedherefor5years.我在这工作已经五年了。Ihaveworkedherefor5years.到目前为止，我在这工作已经五年了。Bynow,Ihaveworkedherefor5years.到上学期末为止，我在这工作已经五年了。Bytheendoflastterm,Ihadworkedherefor5years.到下学期末，我将完成学业。Bytheendofnextterm,Iwillfinishschool.3.过去完成时表示在某一动作之前已经完成的动作.过去的时间由before,after,when引导的时间从句表示出来.1.我在你回来之前就已经把晚饭准备好了.2.当我赶到学校时,已经开始上课了.3.在我到家之前他已经走了.Ihadfinishedcookingdinnerbeforeyoucameback.TheclasshadbegunwhenIgottoschool.HehadleftbeforeIgothome.试比较：Ihadfinishedcookingdinnerwhenyoucameback.1.你回来的时候，我已经把晚饭做好了.辨别：你回来的时候，我正在做晚饭.所以没时间和你聊天。Iwascookingdinnerwhenyoucameback.SoIhadnotimetotalkwithyou.试比较：2.在我到家之前，他已经走了。HehadleftbeforeIarrivedhome.HewasgettingreadytoleavewhenIarrivedhome.辨别：当我到家的时候，他正准备离开。4.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。1.她说她从来没有去过巴黎。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.2.我觉得我以前见过他。IthoughtthatIhadseenhimbefore.3.Tom说他借了这本书两周了。Tomsaidhehadborrowedthebookfor2weeks.kept试作比较：昨天我见到王先生了。自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。•IsawMr.Wangyesterday.WehadnotseeneachothersinceheleftBeijing.自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。•WehavenotseeneachothersinceheleftBeijing.5.表示意向的动词，如hope,wish,expect,think,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。1.结果比我们原来想象的要好。Theresultwasbetterthanwhatwehadexpected.2.我们原本期望你会来的，但是你没有来。Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn't.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关.其结构是have/has+过去分词;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调”过去的过去”,只有和过去的某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它.到目前为止我已经学会了3000个单词.到那时我已经学会了3000个英语单词.Ihavelearned3000Englishwordssofar/tillnow.Ihadlearned3000Englishwordstillthen.过去完成时与一般过去时的区别1.时间状语不同．过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间.•Theyhadarrivedatthestationbytenyesterday.(说明不到１０点就在车站了）•Theyarrivedatthestationattenyesterday.(说明１０点到车站的）2)在没有明确的时间状语做标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时．Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforemymothercameback.在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。３)当两个或两个以上的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序只需用一般过去时代替过去完成时；另外在引导的从句中由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时•Heenteredtheroom,turnedonthelightandreadaneveningpaper.•I(had)calledherbeforeIlefttheoffice.总结：1两个动作都发生在过去，但有先后顺序。比较明显的时间词是when,before,after.注意when引导的过去进行时。2by,till,upto引导的时间bytheendoflastterm,lastmonth过去完成时nextterm,thisterm一般将来时bynow现在完成时3句子中出现for,since引导的时间，必须有hesaid,heto