合同中缔约过失责任的产生和发展-外文翻译

TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofContractingFaultLiabilityAbstract:TheContractingFaultLiabilityasacivilcompensationliabilityoccurswhenonepartyviolatestheprecontractualobligationssubjecttobonafideprincipleandthentheotherpartyistobeentitledtothecompensationforthedamagestotherelianceonitsinterestsufferedthereby.ThesystemofthecontractingfaultliabilitywasputforwardbyaGermanjuristandwasfamedanimportantfindofjurisprudence.Reviewingthehistoryofliabilityfornegligenceincontracting,wecanfindsthatcaseandtheoryplayaveryimportantroleinitsdevelopment.Introduction:Intraditionalcontractlaw,contractrightsandobligationsbetweenthepartiesisonlykeptintheestablishmentandperformanceofcontractscompletedperiod.Ifthecontractualrelationshipdidnotexistornotsetup,itimpliesnoresponsibility.Thatis,”nocontracts,noresponsibility.Sointhecontract,ifoneside’scontractisnotsetup,whichimpliesthefactthattherehavetoprotecttheinterestedpartieswholosssomething.Withthissituation,thefaultliabilitywascomeout.Thisarticlefocusesonit.TheEmergenceanddevelopmentofcontractingfaultliability:ItisgenerallyagreedthattheconceptoffaultliabilityhavealreadycameoutinRomelaw.Thereisafamoussaying:contractisnolongerthesubjectofthepaymentisvoid.Atthispoint,ifthebuyerisingoodfaithandwithoutnegligence,inordertoprotectthesecurityoftransactions,inexceptionalcircumstancesthebuyertherighttoappealbasedonbuyerstogoodfaithlitigation,therequesttothesellerforcompensationforlossessufferedduetoaninvalidcontract.However,beforetheformationoftheancientRomanlaw,thereisnocontractualobligationandCulpacompletesystem.Thecompletetheoreticalandinstitutionalsystematizationofthingswasestablishedinthemoderntimes.ItisproposedbytheGermanjuristGarling.Intheyearof1861,JellingpublishedinVolumeIVofContractingonthefault-Contractnullandvoidanddamagesbeforetheestablishmentoftheharmedinhis“GarlingdoctrineAnnualReport”.Inthearticle,hepointedoutthatGermanytooktoomuchemphasisonthewillofthegeneralcommonlawandthesubjectivewilloftheimportanceofpartydesired,butnotenoughtomeetthebusinessneeds.Forexample,offerorcommitmentisfailedtoconvey,thepersonorthesubjectwillaffecttheeffectivenessofthecontract,ifthecontractduetothefaultofoneofthepartiesandnotestablished,thepartyatfaultshouldtheotherpartybecauseofrelianceontheestablishmentofcontractlossesliability?Garlingreplied:thepeoplewhoengagedincontractswereconcluded,fromacontractualobligationtotradeoutsidethescopeofthenegativeintoapositiveobligationontheleasearea,whichthusassumetheprimaryobligationliesincontractingtobefulfillingthenecessaryattention.Protectedbylaw,notjustanexistingcontractualrelationship,thecontractualrelationshipistakingplaceshouldbeincluded;otherwisetheleasedealwillbeout,andoutofprotection.Thepartiescreatedacontractualobligation,ifsuchaneffectbecauseoflegalobstaclestobeexcludedwhentheobligationwillbetoproducedamages.Therewillbeaso-calledcontractisinvalidpersons,refersonlytofulfilleffectdoesnotoccur,non-thathedidnothaveanyeffect.Inabrief,thepartiesmakethecontractsmeaninglessbecauseoftheirownreasonsdonotcontractwhobelieveditscontractualrightfortheeffectiveestablishmentoftherelativeshouldpayforthedamage.[1]ThisistheGarling‘sContractingnegligencetheory,itisknownastheLawonthefindings.SincetheJellingtheoryputforwardthetheoryofcontractingnegligence,itisseriouslyconcernedbytheworld.Andthenitcarriedoutmoreextensiveandin-depthandsystematicresearchanditalsoincreasinglybysomecountries,legislationorjudicialpracticetoacceptthem.Inthe“GermanCivilCodetimes,thescholarsbegintodiscussitonthequestionoffaultontheparties.Mostofthedraftersbelievesthatcontractingnegligencetheoryofliabilityisnoteasytoacceptandprescribedbyageneralprinciple,onlyinexceptionalcircumstancesshouldberecognized.So,in1900theGermanCivilCode,thedraftersofthetreatyonthefaultisnotfullyacceptedthetheory,onlyinthewrongtowithdraw(122),therightagent(179),fromtheoutsettheobjectivecannot(307),etc.islimitedadoptedwithintheframeworkofthisview,butthecontractingnegligencetheoryintheGermanjudicialpracticeanddoctrinehavebeendevelopedrapidlyandgraduallyformedafine,large,complexandwidescopeofapplication,theestablishmentofageneralizedprinciple.InJapan,thejurisprudencehasalsoacknowledgedtheresponsibilityofcontractingnegligencetheory.InJapan'sCasetofindthebasesofthefaultliabilityfromthetrustandthecityrealcreditprinciple,sothescopeofthisresponsibilityextendedtothefollowingareas:(1)Unabletoperformthecontractfromthebeginningsothatthecontractdoesnotholdorinvalid;(2)Thecontractshallonlyremaininthepreparationstageofnegotiation;(3)Contracteffectiveestablishmentofthesituation.Contractingfaultliabilityisaneffectiveestablishmentofthesituationofenoughtomatterifthetargetswereflawedandcontractorwhobreachofcontract.InGreeceandItaly,contractingfaultliabilitywasconcernedasageneralprinciple.AccordingtoGreekCivilCodeArticle197,itstipulatesthat:Whenconsultationsontheoccasionoftheconclusionofcontracts,thepartiesshouldhaveobligationtofollowthetradingpracticesandgoodfaith.TheItalianCivilCodesection1337providesapre-negotiationsandcontractualresponsibili