土木工程专业近期美国在钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构研究和设计方面的发展毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：近期美国在钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构研究和设计方面的发展文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：土木工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：2017.02.14毕业设计英文翻译设计题目：近期美国在钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构研究和设计方面的发展RecentResearchandDesignDevelopmentsinSteelandCompositeSteel-concreteStructuresinUSAThepaperwillconcludewithalooktowardthefutureofstructuralsteelresearch.1.ResearchonsteelbridgesTheAmericanAssociationofStateTransportationandHighwayOfficials(AASTHO)istheauthoritythatpromulgatesdesignstandardsforbridgesintheUS.In1994ithasissuedanewdesignspecificationwhichisaLimitStatesDesignstandardthatisbasedontheprinciplesofreliabilitytheory.Agreatdealofworkwentintothedevelopmentofthiscodeinthepastdecade,especiallyoncalibrationandontheprobabilisticevaluationofthepreviousspecification.Thecodeisnowbeingimplementedinthedesignoffice,togetherwiththeintroductionoftheSystemeInternationaleunits.Manyquestionsremainopenaboutthenewmethodofdesign,andtherearemanynewprojectsthatdealwiththereliabilitystudiesofthebridgeasasystem.Onesuchcurrentprojectisastudytodevelopprobabilisticmodels,loadfactors,andrationalload-combinationrulesforthecombinedeffectsoflive-loadandwind;live-loadandearthquake;live-load,windandshipcollision;andshipcollision,wind,andscour.Therearealsomanyfieldmeasurementsofbridgebehavior,usingmoderntoolsofinspectionandmonitoringsuchasacousticemissiontechniquesandothermeansofnon-destructiveevaluation.Suchfieldworknecessitatesparallelstudiesinthelaboratory,andtheevolutionofevermoresophisticatedhigh-technologydatatransmissionmethods.Americahasanagingsteelbridgepopulationandmanyproblemsarisefromfatigueandcorrosion.Fatiguestudiesonfull-scalecomponentsoftheWilliamsburgBridgeinNewYorkhaverecentlybeencompletedatLehighUniversity.AprobabilisticAASTHObridgeevaluationregulationhasbeenineffectsince1989,anditisemployedtoassessthefutureusefullifeofstructuresusingrationalmethodsthatincludefieldobservationandmeasurementtogetherwithprobabilisticanalysis.Suchanactivityalsofostersadditionalresearchbecausemanyissuesarestillunresolved.Onesuchareaisthestudyoftheshakedownofshearconnectorsincompositebridges.ThisworkhasbeenrecentlycompletedattheUniversityofMissouri.Inadditiontofatigueandcorrosion,themajordangertobridgesisthepossibilityofearthquakeinduceddamage.Thisalsohasspawnedmanyresearchprojectsontherepairandretrofitofsteelsuperstructuresandthesupportingconcretepiers.Manybridgesinthecountryarebeingstrengthenedforearthquakeresistance.Oneareathatisreceivingmuchresearchattentionisthestrengtheningofconcretepiersbyjacketingthembysheetsofhigh-performancereinforcedplastic.Thepreviouslydescribedresearchdealsmainlywiththebehaviorofexistingstructuresandthedesignofnewbridges.However,thereisalsoavigorousactivityonnovelbridgesystems.Thisresearchiscenteredontheapplicationofhigh-performancesteelsforthedesignofinnovativeplateandbox-girderbridges,suchascorrugatedwebs,combinationsofopenandclosedshapes,andlongerspansfortrussbridges.Itshouldbementionedherethat,inadditiontoworkonsteelbridges,thereisalsoveryactiveresearchgoingoninthestudyofthebehaviorofprestressedconcretegirdersmadefromveryhighstrengthconcrete.Theperformanceanddesignofsmallerbridgesusingpultrudedhigh-performanceplasticcompositemembersisalsobeingstudiedextensivelyatpresent.Newcontinuousbridgesystemswithsteelconcretecompositesegmentsinboththepositivemomentandthenegativemomentregionsarebeingconsidered.Severalresearchershavedevelopedstrongcapabilitiestomodelthethree-dimensionalnon-linearbehaviorofindividualplategirders,andmanystudiesarebeingperformedonthebucklingandpost-bucklingcharacteristicsofsuchstructures.Companionexperimentalstudiesarealsomade,especiallyonmembersbuiltfromhigh-performancesteels.Afull-scalebridgeofsuchsteelhasbeendesigned,andwillsoonbeconstructedandthentestedundertrafficloading.Researcheffortsarealsounderwayonthestudyofthefatigueoflargeexpansionjointelementsandonthefatigueofhighwaysignstructures.Thefinalsubjecttobementionedistheresurgenceofstudiesofcompositesteelconcretehorizontallycurvedsteelgirderbridges.AjustcompletedprojectattheUniversityofMinnesotamonitoredthestressesandthedeflectionsinaskewedandcurvedbridgeduringallphasesofconstruction,startingfromthefabricationyardtothecompletedbridge.~Excellentcorrelationwasfoundtoexistbetweenthemeasuredstressesanddeformationsandthecalculatedvalues.Thestressesanddeflectionsduringconstructionwerefoundtoberelativelysmall,thatis,theconstructionprocessdidnotcauseseveretraumatothesystem.Thebridgehasnowbeentestedunderserviceloading,usingfullyloadedgraveltrucks,fortwoyears,anditwillcontinuetobestudiedforfurtheryearstomeasurechangesinperformanceunderserviceovertime.AmajortestingprojectisbeingconductedattheFederalHighwayAdministrationlaboratoryinWashington,DC,whereahalf-scalecurvedcompositegirderbridgeiscurrentlybeingtestedtodetermineitslimitstates.Thetest-bridgewasdesignedtoactasitsowntest-frame,wherevariousportionscanbereplacedaftertesting.Multipleflexuretests,sheartests,andtestsundercombinedbendingandshear,arethusperformedwithrealisticend-conditionsandrestraints.Theexperimentsarealsomodeledbyfin