空气质量达标规划程序

AirQualityConformityProcess空气质量达标规划程序NewYorkExperience大纽约地区的成功经验JamesChiaoDirectorofTechnicalServicesNewYorkMetropolitanTransportationCouncil纽约都会区运输委员会，技术服务处Background背景介绍AMetropolitanPlanningOrganizationAregionalgovernmentassociationProvideaplatformforpolicyimplementation,projectcoordination,regionalplanning,andfundingallocationAchieve3C(coordinating,continuing,andcomprehensive)transportationplanningrequirements纽约都会区运输委员会一个区域性的政府协会组织提供一个执行政策、协调建设、进行规划、分配经费的平台以达到3C(协调性、延续性、综合性)的运输规划要求TheNYMTCRegion纽约都会区TheNYMTCRegion纽约都会区2,440squaremiles平方英里12.2millionpopulation百万人口477routemilesofcommuterrail通勤铁路路线英里数225routemilesofrailrapidtransit地铁路线英里数22,870centerlinemilesofroadways各级道路英里数TransitNetwork大纽约地区公交路网Onanaverage2002weekday,thetransportationsystemcarries年平均每工作日纽约的运输系统承载:3.1milliononbuses三百万公车旅客4.6millionrailrapidtransit五百万地铁旅客550,000passengersoncommuterrail五十五万通勤铁路旅客128,500onferries十三万渡轮旅客150,000onairlines十五万航空旅客101,000onPATH十万纽约新泽西跨州地铁旅客205,000onNJTransitRail二十万新泽西通勤跨州铁路旅客520,000onNJTransitBus五十二万新泽西跨州公车旅客TheNYMTCRegion纽约都会区NYMTCTransportationCapitalProgram纽约都会区政府部门交通工程预算2002-200601234567$inbillions200220042006FederalStateLocal‘02‘03‘04‘05‘06联邦168155201228245州7155363233地方273142225282259总额512352462542536单位:亿人民币5年總預算:2兆404亿人民币5yearsbudget:30billionsConstruction营建1.4%Misc其他2.4%Intersection路口0.3%Recon&Preserv重建保護8.4%Mobility机动5.3%Safety安全1.2%Bridge桥梁8.3%Traffic交通1.0%Studies研究0.3%Transit公交71.3%NYMTCTransportationCapitalProgram纽约都会区政府部门交通工程预算种类分布2002-2004三年总预算:一百四十亿美金($14billion)一千一百六十二亿人民币050100150200199019952000200520102015DailyVehicleMilesTraveled(millionvehiclemiles)ProjectedVehicularTravelGrowthinNYRegion:NoAction纽约都会区车辆行车里程成长预估:保持现状SuburbanCounties10-CountyRegionNewYorkCityHighestgrowthratewilloccurinthesuburbsModestgrowthinNewYorkCityEffectofTrafficGrowthonSpeeds:NoAction纽约都会区行车速度改变预估:保持现状051015202530199019952000200520102015DailyAverageSpeed(milesperhour)SuburbanCounties10-CountyRegionNewYorkCityCongestionwillworsenandspeedswilldecreaseinthesuburbsSpeedsarealreadyslowinNewYorkCity-0.50-0.250.000.25DailyVehicleMilesTraveled(millionvehiclemiles)EffectoftheTransportationPlaninReducingVehicularTravel纽约都会区长期运输计划对降低行车里程的影响纽约市郊SuburbanCounties纽约都会区10-CountyRegion纽约市NewYorkCityBothNewYorkCityandthesuburbswillBenefitfromtheTransportationPlan19952000200520102015降低约四十万车里数-0.20.00.20.40.6199019952000200520102015DailyAverageSpeed(milesperhour)EffectoftheTransportationPlaninReducingCongestion纽约都会区长期运输计劃对提高行车速度的影响纽约市郊SuburbanCounties纽约都会区10-CountyRegion纽约市NewYorkCitySpeedsinthesuburbswillbenefitmoresignificantlyfromtheTransportationPlan-2000.0-1500.0-1000.0-500.00.0500.0DailyEmissions(kgperday)EffectoftheTransportationPlaninReducingEmissions纽约都会区长期运输计画对降低汽车排污量的影响ToachieveConformity,theTransportationPlanmustreduceemissionsfromtheNo-Actioncondition.19952000200520102015NitrousOxide(NOX)Hydrocarbons(HC)运输达标规画程序规定长期运输计划必须降低在保持现状的情况下所产生的汽车排污量Howdoweimproveairqualitywhileimplementthetransportationimprovementprogram?我們如何在解决交通拥挤的同时，确保改善空气污染?TransportationConformity运输达标规划程序WhatIsTransportationConformity?运输达标规划程序TransportationconformityisawaytoensurethatFederalfundingandapprovalaregiventothosetransportationactivitiesthatareconsistentwithairqualitygoals.ItensuresthatthesetransportationactivitiesdonotworsenairqualityorinterferewiththepurposeoftheSIP,whichistomeettheNAAQS.MeetingtheNAAQSoftenrequiresemissionsreductionsfrommobilesources.运输达标规划程序确保联邦经费及核准是给予合乎达到空气质量目标的运输项目。同时确保这些运输项目不会使空气质量恶化或干扰以达到国家空气质量标准为目的的州执行计画。为达到国家空气质量标准，时常需要自移动污染源降低排污量。KeyFactorsofTransportationConformity运输达标规划程序的成功要素TransportationConformityLinkedtoFundingTransportationConformityLinkedtoTransportationPlanningOptionsandTrade-offsBetweenEmissionReductionStrategiesCAALinkagestoTransportationPlanningChallengesforTransportationOfficials和联邦经费挂钩和运输规划挂钩权衡各种降低排污量的策略洁净空气法案和运输规划挂钩交通部门官员所面临的挑战TransportationConformity&Pollutants运输达标规划程序及污染物Transportationconformityappliestothefollowingcriteriapollutants:Ozone,Carbonmonoxide(CO),Nitrogendioxide(NO2),andParticleswithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthanorequalto10microns(PM-10).运输达标规程序应用於四项空气污染物臭氧一氧化碳二氧化氮可吸入颗粒物InteragencyconsultationRegionalemissionsanalysisProjectlevelanalysisForTCMsthatareincludedinanapprovedSIP,assuranceoftimelyimplementationofTCMs,CertainISTEA,nowTEA-21,planningrequirements(e.g.,fiscalconstraint).ThemajorrequirementsoftheTransportationConformityProcess运输达标规划程序的主要内涵相关机构的协商程序区域排污量分析个别运输项目分析确保在州执行计画内的交通控制方法得以适时的实施联邦运输法案中对运输规划的要求(如财政限制)CAARequirements美国洁净空气法案的要求AccordingtotheCAA,transportationplans,programs,andprojectscannot:CreatenewNAAQSviolations;IncreasethefrequencyorseverityofexistingNAAQSviolations;orDelayattainmentoftheNAAQS.根据美国洁净空法案，运输规画、运输工作计画以及个别项目不能：产生新的空气质量标准违规；增加现有违规的发生频率或是严重性；或是延误达到国家空气质量标准。TransportationConformityRequirements运输达标规划程序的要求每隔三年，每一未达标准的地区必须展示其移动污染源的目前及未来年的空气污染分析都合乎州执行计画的污染预算。空气污染分析必须使用环保署的空气污染模式及最佳可得到的交通数据(车辆行车里程，车速，车种混合比例等)。任何地区不能展示能够合乎州执行计画的空气污染预算，则进入『权利中止』期，同时大部分该地区的联邦补助款也停止拨款。Everythreeyearseachmaintenanceareamustdemonstrat