2018年浙江省高考新题型概要写作训练及指导

概要写作[考纲解读]提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。[原题分析]1．原文材料350词以内，概要写作40～80词。2．原文以说明文、议论文为主。3．概要，基本就是段落大意。每段用一句话概括，或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括。4．要着重训练自己文章主旨大意和各段段落大意的归纳概括能力。[写作注意事项]1．找关键词和主题句，准确理解、分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。2．各要点的表达要相对独立。3．各要点之间要有适当的衔接。4．句型力求简单，每句话要表意明白，无空泛、笼统、含混之词。5．尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。例如，尽量少用关系代词which，who等引导的定语从句，而采用­ing形式和­ed形式作定语。6．多使用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语。[概要模板及句型]1．表示文章的内容以及研究目的①Thispaperisaimedat/covers/mainlydealswith...②Thearticlefocusesonthetopicof...2．表示研究的结论①Theresultshowedthat...②Theauthorfoundthat...③Itwasconcludedthat...3．表示推荐、观点或建议Theauthorsuggests/considersthat...Suggestionsaremadefor...实战演练1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Asmostchildrenreturntoschool,manyaffluentfamiliesarechoosingtopulltheirchildrenoutofthemainstreameducationsystemaltogetherinfavorofhavingatutorathomeAround50percentoftheinquirieswe'regettingatthemomentareforlong-term,dailyhometutoring,SteveSpriggs,managingdirectorofLondon-basedprivatetutoringserviceAnd,headds,thetrendhasgrownfromfamiliesaskingforpersonaltutorstoreplicatetheclassroomenvironmentintheirownhomes.Manyfamiliesthatweremakingtheinquiriesforfull-timehometutors,Spriggssaid,wereeithertravellingsofrequentlythatsendingtheirchildrentooneschoolwasimpracticalandothersdidnotwanttheirchildrentogointoboardingschool.Hometutoringisnothingnew,andmanytuitionfirmsalsoofferextratutoringservicestofamilieswantingtheirchildrentohavealittleextrahelplearningaheadofentranceexamsatcompetitiveprivateschoolsintheU.K.,suchasHarrow,St.PaulsorEton.Wealwaysmakeitcleartoparentsthatwewillonlyofferfull-timehomeschoolingforayearthough,Spriggsexplained.Anymorethanayearandchildrenstarttoloseoutonwhataschoolenvironmentcangivethem,suchassocialskillsandthatvitalinteractiontheyneed–althoughwetrytomitigatethatanywayinourhometutoringwithsportsclubsofmuseumtripsaspartoftheteachingprogram.Spriggssaidthatthecostsofhiringafull-timetutorwouldexceedthefeesofatopboardingschool,whichusuallychargearound£35,000($54,400)ayear.Somefamiliesemploytwofull-timetutors,onetocoverhumanitiesandtheothertocoverscienceandmaths.Devisinganeducationalplanforyoungstersinthesesituationsisnotaquickprocess,however,takinguptosixweekstoplan,Spriggssaid,withatutorbeingmatchedtothechildtoensuretheyarecompatible.参考范文：Hometutoringisn’trareinsociety.Somerichfamilieschoosefull-timetutorsbecauseoffrequenttravellingorbecausetheydon’twanttheirchildrentogointoboardingschool.(要点1)Meanwhile,toperformbetterinentranceexams,somechildrenneedextratutoringservices.(要点2)Sometuitionfirmsaddsomeactivitiestoimprovethesocialskillsofthechildren.(要点3)Althoughthecostsofhometutoringarehigh,somefamiliesstillemploytwofull-timetutorstoensuretheirchildrencangainbalanceddevelopment.(要点4)实战演练2阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Gettingridofdirt，intheopinionofmostpeople，isagoodthing.However，thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury，peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease，asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538，theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryⅣ，KingofFrance，wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath，thekingorderedthat，toavoidtheattackofdisease，thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好处)ofdirtwaslong­lived，dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking，cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet，itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea：clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite，clothseversofter，surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt，however，gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst­timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt，whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary，MaryRuebush，anAmericanimmunologist(免疫学家)，encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatter(后者)positionisgainingsomeground.【参考范文】Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1)Foralongtimeinhistory，peopleofsomeEuropeancountries，suchasFrance，believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However，peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)However，somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)附：概要写作评分原则及给分范围一、评分原则1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。二、各档次的给分范围和要求档次描述第五档(21－25)—理解准确，涵盖全部要点。—能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。—完全使用自己的语言。第四档(16－20)—理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。—所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。—比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。—有个别整句抄自原文。第三档(11－15)—理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。—所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。—应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。—出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第二档(6－10)—理解有