跨文化交际上课ppt1

Cross-culturalCommunication=InterculturalCommunication•thedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication•culture’sdefinitionsanditsfeatures•thedefinitionofcommunicationandmodelsofcommunicationprocessInterculturalcommunicationmaybeunderstoodasaphenomenon（现象）;Itcanalsobeunderstoodasadiscipline（学科）.Whatisthedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication?DefinitionofinterculturalcommunicationItreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackground.Itincludesinternational,interracial,inter-ethnicandinterregionalcommunication.Internationalcommunication:JapanesePrimeMinister-----AmericanpresidentInterracialCommunication:Afro-American---whiteAmericanInter-ethniccommunication:ATibetan---AHanInter-regionalcommunication:Anortherner----AsouthernerInterculturalcommunicationasaphenomenonItisauniversalphenomenon.Itdatesbacktothousandsofyearsago.Itisnowadailyoccurrence.Theimportanceofinterculturalcommunicationhasgreatlyincreased.Therapidincreaseofinterculturalcommunication:ModernmeansoftransportSophisticatedcommunicationsystemsGlobalizationofworldeconomyMassmigrationInterculturalcommunicationstartedasadisciplineintheUS:AlandofimmigrantsMillionsofnewimmigrantseveryyearLargenumbersofforeignstudentsandtouristsAmericaninvolvementinglobaleconomyInterculturalcommunicationasadiscipline:EdwardHall:TheSilentLanguage(1959)Theanthropologicaltradition:Sapir,Whoof,Benedict,Kluckhohn,Mead-----Theyallstudiedraceandculture.Cross-culturaltrainingbeganintheearly70s.SIETAR(SocietyforInterculturalEducation,TrainingandResearch)setupin1975.InternationalJournalofInterculturalRelationspublishedin1977.InterculturalcommunicationinChinaInitialinterestinICPublicationsOrganizationsConferencesScholarsinvolvedBooksoninterculturalcommunicationpublishedinChina关世杰：《跨文化交流》贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》林大津：《跨文化交际研究》胡文仲：《跨文化交际学概论》胡文仲、高一虹：《跨文化交际与外语教学》Howinterculturalcommunicationisapplied:TrainingofbusinessexecutivesandtechniciansTrainingofnewimmigrantsandforeignstudentsMulticulturaleducationForeignlanguageteachingGeneralculturalawarenessDictionarydefinitionofCulture(COD):TheartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectivelyThecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeopleEdwardSapir:“Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks.Languageisaparticularhowofthought.”“Cultureisthesociallyinheritedassemblageofpracticesandbeliefsthatdeterminesthetextureofourlives.”(1921)Anotherdefinitiongivenbytwoanthropologistsis:(KroeberandKluckhohn)“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditional(i.e.historicallyderivedandselected)ideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues.”(1952)GeertHofstedeCultureis“softwareofthemind”.“Thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonehumangroupfromanother.’(1980)Whatiscommontothedefinitions:Cultureiswhatdistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimals.Itishumanendeavoranditsoutcome.Cultureincludespatternsofbehavior,beliefsandvaluesandartifacts.Cultureissharedbyagroupofpeople.Cultureislikeaniceberg.LevelsofCultureNormaldistributionofculturalcharacteristicsCultureisacquiredinsteadofhereditary“Allovertheworld,sincethebeginningofhumanhistory,itcanbeshownthatpeopleshavebeenabletoadoptthecultureofpeoplesofanotherblood.Thereisnothinginthebiologicalstructureofmanthatmakesitevendifficult.Manisnotcommittedindetailbyhisbiologicalconstitutiontoanyparticularvarietyofbehavior.”Biologicalvs.culturalSneezingisbiologicalwhilesaying‘godblessyou’iscultural.Feelinghungryisnaturewhilewhatweeatandhowweeatiscultural.Sleepingisnaturewhilewhereonesleepsiscultural.Givingbirthisnaturewhilewhereandhowawomangivesbirthiscultural.Humanbeingsareculturedanimals.Humancommunicationisasoldasmankind.Theuseoffacialexpressions,exclamationsandnoisestocommunicate.(100,000yearsago)Cavepaintingstorecordlife.(30,000yearsago)Theuseoflanguagetocommunicate(20,000yearsago)Theuseofscripttocommunicate(5000yearsago)DefinitionofcommunicationbySamovarandPorterCommunicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidueofbehavior.DefinitionofcommunicationbyZhangGuo-liangCommunicationreferstotheactandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople.Chineseequivalentsof‘communication’:交流沟通传通交际传播Typesofcommunication:Intrapersonalcommunication（自我传播）Interpersonalcommunication（人际传播）Organizationalcommunication（组织传播）Masscommunication（大众传播）ClassificationofcommunicationLasswell’s5-WModelSender—Message—Channel—Receiver—EffectsOsgood-Schramm’sCircularModelComponentsofcommunicationSenderDecodingEncodingRecipient(receiver)MessageResponseChannelFeedbackEncodinganddecodingareareaswheremisunderstandingislikelytooccur.e.g.waysofgreetingNonverbalbehavior(thegestureforOK)ReasonsformisunderstandingEncodinganddecodingdonottakeplaceinavacuum.Communicationsaresocialbeingsinfluencedbytheirculture.Cultureentersintotheprocessofencodinganddecoding.Westudyinterculturalcommunicationbecausewewanttocommunicatemoreeffectivelyw