第三章-开销和指针

为搞好山东省交通科学研究所研发基地项目的结算审计工作,我跟踪审计部特针对本项目作如下要求,请各施工单位、供货单位遵照执行：andperformancetestcopiesoftherecord.Ifnecessary,reviewshouldbecarriedout;4)forspringhangers(includedsimplespring,hangersandconstantsupporthangers)itshouldalsoberecognizedassettingandlockingofloads.5)checkthesurfacequality,foldedlayeringandwithoutcracks,rustandotherdefects.5)aftercompletionofthetestandcontroldrawingnumberonebyone,byseriesbaled.Coloralloysteelparts,thepartsmarkinginstallationlocationandrotationaboutthedirectionyouwant.7.3.14.hangersinstallation7.3.14.1hangerlayouta.acleardesignofhangershouldbeinstalledstrictlyinaccordancewiththedrawingsanddesignsshallnotbeinstalledwrong,missing,etc.B.ownarrangementofpipingsupportandhangersetandselectionshouldbebasedoncomprehensiveanalysisofgenerallayoutofpipingsystems;coldinstallationofsteampipewithparticularattentionreservedforcompensationofthermalexpansiondisplacementandorientation.C.supportsystemsshouldberationaltowithstandpipeloads,staticloadandincidentalload;reasonablepipingdisplacement;guaranteedundervariousconditions,stressarewithintheallowedrange.Strength,stiffness,andmeetrequirementstopreventvibrationandsoothingwater,withoutaffectingtheadjacentequipmentmaintenanceandotherpipinginstallationandexpansion.D.equipmentconnectedtotheinterfacetomeetpipelinethrust(torque)limitrequirements;increasethestabilityofpipingsystemstopreventpipeline...Tubewallthickness(mm)2-34-67-10weldformnoslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-2weldwidthb(mm)5-67-6hasslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1.5-22weldwidthb(mm)coverhadeachedgeslopemouthabout2mmargonarcweldingweldstrengtheningsurfaceheightandwidthtubewallthickness(mm)2--33--45--6weldformweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-22-2.5widthb(mm)第3章开销和指针第3章开销和指针..........................................................................................错误!未定义书签。3.1开销..........................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。3.1.1段开销............................................................................................错误!未定义书签。3.1.2通道开销........................................................................................错误!未定义书签。3.2指针..........................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。3.2.1管理单元指针（AU-PTR）............................................................错误!未定义书签。3.2.2支路单元指针（TU-PTR）............................................................错误!未定义书签。小结.................................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。习题.................................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。目标：1.掌握段层监控的实现——段开销各字节功能。2.掌握通道层监控的实现——通道开销各字节功能。3.掌握基本告警和性能的监测是由哪些开销字节实现的。4.了解指针——AU-PTR、TU-PTR的工作机理。5.建立SDH监控层层细化的概念。3.1开销前面讲过开销的功能是完成对SDH信号提供层层细化的监控管理功能，监控的分类可分为段层监控、通道层监控。段层的监控又分为再生段层和复用段层的监控，通道层监控分为高阶通道层和低阶通道层的监控。由此实现了对STM-N层层细化的监控。例如对2.5G系统的监控，再生段开销对整个STM-16信号监控，复用段开销细化到其中16个STM-1的任一个进行监控，高阶通道开销再将其细化成对每个STM-1中VC4的监控，低阶通道开销又将对VC4的监控细化为对其中63个VC12的任一个VC12进行监控，由此实现了从对2.5Gbit/s级别到2Mbit/s级别的多级监控手段。那么，这些监控功能是怎样实现的呢？它是由不同的开销字节来实现的。为搞好山东省交通科学研究所研发基地项目的结算审计工作,我跟踪审计部特针对本项目作如下要求,请各施工单位、供货单位遵照执行：andperformancetestcopiesoftherecord.Ifnecessary,reviewshouldbecarriedout;4)forspringhangers(includedsimplespring,hangersandconstantsupporthangers)itshouldalsoberecognizedassettingandlockingofloads.5)checkthesurfacequality,foldedlayeringandwithoutcracks,rustandotherdefects.5)aftercompletionofthetestandcontroldrawingnumberonebyone,byseriesbaled.Coloralloysteelparts,thepartsmarkinginstallationlocationandrotationaboutthedirectionyouwant.7.3.14.hangersinstallation7.3.14.1hangerlayouta.acleardesignofhangershouldbeinstalledstrictlyinaccordancewiththedrawingsanddesignsshallnotbeinstalledwrong,missing,etc.B.ownarrangementofpipingsupportandhangersetandselectionshouldbebasedoncomprehensiveanalysisofgenerallayoutofpipingsystems;coldinstallationofsteampipewithparticularattentionreservedforcompensationofthermalexpansiondisplacementandorientation.C.supportsystemsshouldberationaltowithstandpipeloads,staticloadandincidentalload;reasonablepipingdisplacement;guaranteedundervariousconditions,stressarewithintheallowedrange.Strength,stiffness,andmeetrequirementstopreventvibrationandsoothingwater,withoutaffectingtheadjacentequipmentmaintenanceandotherpipinginstallationandexpansion.D.equipmentconnectedtotheinterfacetomeetpipelinethrust(torque)limitrequirements;increasethestabilityofpipingsystemstopreventpipeline...Tubewallthickness(mm)2-34-67-10weldformnoslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-2weldwidthb(mm)5-67-6hasslopemouthweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1.5-22weldwidthb(mm)coverhadeachedgeslopemouthabout2mmargonarcweldingweldstrengtheningsurfaceheightandwidthtubewallthickness(mm)2--33--45--6weldformweldstrengtheningheighth(mm)1-1.51.5-22-2.5widthb(mm)3.1.1段开销STM-N帧的段开销位于帧结构的（1-9）行×（1-9N）列。注：第4行为AU-PTR除外。我们以STM-1信号为例来讲述段开销各字节的用途。对于STM-1信号，段开销包括位于帧中的（1-3）行×（1-9）列的RSOH和位于（5-9