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第十一章PartTwoTheRepublicofIreland爱尔兰共和国地理与历史GeographyandHistory不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫而被称为绿宝石岛。爱尔兰分为两个政治区域:北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国是个独立国家。TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.IrelandisalsocalledtheEmeraldIslebecauseotitsrichgreencountryside.Irelandisdividedintotwopoliticalunits.TheyareNorthernIrelandandtheRepublicofIreland.NorthernIslandispartoftheUnitedKingdom.TheRepublicofIreland(Eire)isanindependentcountry.I.GeographicalFeatures地理特征爱尔兰共和国的面积为70,282平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。TheRepublicofIrelandcoversanareaof70,282sq.itslandborderwithNorthernIrelandis434km.首都是都柏林,ThecapitalisDublin.爱尔兰一直被比作盆地,内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋性气候影响全国。Irelandhasbeencomparedtoabasininwhichalimestoneplateauisrimmedbycoastalhighlands.Maritimeinfluencespenetratetheland.最高峰是卡朗图山(1,041米)ThehighestpeaksareCarrantuohill(1,041m)爱尔兰最大的河是香农河,它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原,香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。ThelargestriverinIrelandistheShannonRiver.ItrisesintheplateaunearSligoBay,TheShannonRiverprovideselectricpowerformuchoftheRepublic.多样化是低地的主要特征。中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。山谷的通道和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰海岸,Varietyisthemainfeatureofthelowlands.TheCentralLowlandistheheartofIreland.EasypassagewaysalongvalleyandlowlandcorridorsleadfromittoeveryIrishshore.因为爱尔兰在冰川时期完全被冰层覆盖,现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲其他地方迁徙来的。AsIrelandwascompletelycoveredbyicesheetsduringthelceAge,allextantplantsandanimalsaremigrantspeciesfromotherpartsofEurope.沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。在所有山脉中随处可见,并覆盖低地的大片地区。BogsremainthemostsignificantfeatureofIrishlandscape.Theyoccuronallthemountainsandcoverlargeareasofthelowlands.l.气候ClimateandWeather爱尔兰的气候被描绘成温和、温润和多变,地理学家把全岛划分为六大气候区:TheweatherofIrelandisdescribedasmild,moistandchangeable.Geographershavedistinguishedsixclimaticregions爱尔兰雨量过多。中部低地,是爱尔兰雨量最少的地区Irelandhasexcessiverainfall.TheCentralLowlandistheareaofthelightestrainfallinIreland,东北部以极佳的农场和庄稼闻名TheNortheastisnotedforitsexcellentcattlepasturesandcrops.Ⅲ.人口与宗教PopulationandReligion爱尔兰的基本民族是凯尔特人,同时还混合有挪威人、法国人、诺曼人和英国人。InIrelandthebasicethnicstockisCeltic,withanadmixtureofNorse,French,NormanandEnglish.因为其种族的同一性,历史上的爱尔兰一直没有种族冲突。Therearenosignificantethnicminorities.HistoricallyIrelandhasbeenfreeofethnicconflictsbecauseofitsracialhomogeneity.爱尔兰有四大不寻常的人口特征:Irelandhasfourunusualdemographicfeatures:(1)结合整个世纪的迁移而形成的低出生率;alowbirthratecompoundedbyacenturyofemigration,(2)晚婚(男性35岁,女性29岁);alatemarriageage(35formenand29forwomen),(3)人口中男性过剩;anexcessofmalesinthepopulation.(4)人口中各种年龄的独身男女占高比例。ahighproportionofbachelorsandspinstersofallages.1845年开始的大饥荒标志着爱尔兰社会历史的一个时代结束和另一个时代的开始。Theyear1845,whentheGreatFaminebegan,markstheendofoneeraandthebeginningofanotherinthesocialhistoryofIreland.在人口自然下降的基础上雪上加霜的是同样历史悠久的人口外迁浪潮。从1845年起,赤贫的人们跳上任何一艘能运载他们渡过爱尔兰海或大西洋的船只。约有6百万人离开了爱尔兰。Tonaturaldecreasewasaddedaflowofemigrationalmostaslong.From1845onwardthedesperatelypoorsoughtanyshipthatcouldcarrythemacrosstheIrishSeaortheAtlantic.some6millionpeopleareestimatedtohaveleftIrelandinthecenturyfollowingtheGreatFamine.爱尔兰自由邦建立后(1921年),移民锐减。AftertheestablishmentoftheIrishFreeState(1921),emigrationshowedasharpdecline.爱尔兰有两种官方语言:爱尔兰语(凯尔特语)和英语。TherearetwoofficiallanguagesinIreland.TheyareIrish(orGaelic)andEnglish,爱尔兰是欧洲最为信奉天主教的国家。美国约有一半的天主教主教是爱尔兰裔。IrelandisoneofthemostCatholiccountriesofEurope.AbouthalftheCatholicbishopsintheUnitedStatesareofIrishorigin.爱尔兰圣公会是最大的非天主教教派。尽管天主教占绝对优势,但很少发生反对非天主教徒的宗教歧视。TheAnglicanChurchofIrelandisthelargestnon-Catholicdenomination,DespitetheCatholicpredominance,thereisverylittlereligiousdiscriminationagainstnon-Catholics.Ⅳ.历史背景HistoricalBackground在史前时代,爱尔兰遭受许多凯尔特部落的入侵,最重要的是盖尔人。约公元前4世纪他们抵达此岛,征服了北方的皮克特人和南方的爱兰人部落(这是爱尔兰名称的来源),后来他们定居下来建立了繁荣的盖尔文明。IrelandwasinvadedbyanumberofCeltictribesinprehistorictimes.ThemostimportantweretheGaels.Theyarrivedintheislandaboutthe4thcenturyBC.TheyconqueredthePictsinthenorthandtheErainntribe(fromwhomthenameIrelandisderived)inthesouth.ThentheysettleddowntoestablishaflourishingGaeliccivilization.爱尔兰历史上最重要的事件或许是公元432年圣帕特里克来到爱尔兰岛,并把此岛变成学问中心和基督教文化中心。ThearrivalofSt.PatrickinAD432wasperhapsthemostimportanteventinIrishhistoryandtransformedtheislandintoacentreoflearningandChristianculture.英国人和爱尔兰人之间的冲突持续了近800年。亨利八世是使爱尔兰置于英国的完全统治下的首位国王。ConflictbetweentheEnglishandtheIrishwentonforalmost800years.HenryVIIIwasthefirstkingtobringallIrelandunderEnglishcontrol.1610年苏格兰定居者在乌尔斯特建立殖民地。ScottishsettlersestablishedacolonyinUlsterin1610.爱尔兰共和军和英国政府之间爆发了战争(1919-1921),1921年,英国人签署了《英爱条约》,建立拥有自治身份的爱尔兰自由邦,并在国教占统治地位的北爱尔兰建立分离的政府。WarbrokeoutbetweentheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)andtheBritishgovernment(1919~21).In1921theBritishsignedtheAnglo-IrishTreatyestablishinganIrishFreeStatewithdominionstatuswithaseparategovernmentintheProtestant-dominatedNorthernIreland.1932年就职的阿蒙·德·凡勒拉领导的爱尔兰没有参加二战,以表明它与英国人之间的长期不睦,1937年颁布一部新宪法,选出的总统取代了总督,国家的名称正式改为爱尔兰。UnderEamondeValera,whotookofficein1932,IrelandkeptoutofWorldWar1ItodemonstrateitscontinueddispleasurewiththeBritish.In1937,underanewconstitution,theGovernor-GeneralwasreplacedbyanelectedpresidentandthenameofthecountrywasofficiallychangedtoIreland(EireinGaelic).1948年,爱尔兰投票使自己脱离英联邦,1
本文标题:英语国家概况-爱尔兰篇中英翻译
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