Paraphrase-and-Summary-1(with-PPT)

Paraphrase&SummaryParaphrasingToparaphrasemeanstocompletelyandcorrectlyexpressotherpeople’sideasinone’sownwords.I.ParaphraseaSentenceToparaphraseasentenceistousedifferentwordstoexpress(phrase)thesameidea.changingsomeofthewordstosynonymschangingsomeofthewordstotheirdefinitionsChangingthestructureofthesentences1.ParaphrasewithSynonymsMycarneedsgasoline.a.Myautomobileneedsfuel.b.Mywheelsneedgas.TheU.S.governmenthasanenormousdebt.a.Thefederalgovernmenthasanextremelylargedebt.b.Thenationalgovernmenthasahugedebt.Morethanhalfofthewomenwhoattendedtheone-daymeetingwereinbusinesswiththeirspouses.Themajorityofthewomenwhowenttotheone-dayconferencewereinbusinesswiththeirhusbands.Exercise1Withthedevelopmentofflashmemorycards,themarketforportablemusicplayersjumpedsharply.Althoughthecoach’sstrategywasalittledangerous,theteameasysuccessful.Twoofthestudentswereexpelledforviolatingtheschool’s“nofighting”policy.Answers:Withtheinventionofflashmemorycards,thedemandforportablemusicplayersincreasedsignificantly.Eventhoughthecoach’splanwasrisky,theteamwassuccessful.Twostudentswerekickedoutofschoolforbreakingtheschool’s“nofighting”rule.2.ParaphrasingwithDefinitionsAcollegestudentusuallyhashomeworktodo.a.Apersongoingtocollegetypicallyhastostudyathome.b.PeopletakingcollegecoursesusuallyhaveassignmentstodoAlcoholicsdrinkmoreandenjoyitlessthansocialdrinkers.a.Apersonwhoisaddictedtoalcoholconsumesmorebutgetslesspleasurethanapersonwhodrinksjusttobesociable.b.Peoplewhoreallyneedtodrinkhaveahighlevelofintakebutalowerlevelofsatisfactionthanpeoplewhocantakeitorleave3.ChangetheStructureoftheSentenceThenumberofhungrypeoplehasincreasedinthelastdecade.Answers:Therehasbeenagrowthinthenumberofstarvingpopulationinthelastdecade.Youneedthemostup-to-dateantivirusprogramstoensureyourharddriveande-mailarenotinfected.Answers:a.Itisnecessary(foryou)tohavethemostmodernantivirusprogramstoprotectyourharddriveande-mail.b.Themostmodernantivirusprogramswillprotectyourharddriveande-mail.II.ParaphraseaParagraphAperfectparagraphhasatopicsentence(themainideaoftheparagraph),supportingsentencesandasummaryortransitionsentence.Paraphrasingismoredetailedthansummarizing.Paraphrasetheparagraph1.Whatdopeoplegainfromlanguagedevelopment?Verbalcommunicationoffersmanyadvantages:greaterabilitytodescribeone'sexperiences,greaterabilityforabstractthought,greaterabilitytoexpresscomplexideastoothers.Combinedwithmemory,verbalcommunicationprovidesthebasisfortheaccumulationofknowledge.Insum,ourabilitytocopewithlargeamountsofinformationisdependentonourpossessionofverballanguagesystem.Answer:Languagedevelopmentenablesapersontohandlealotofinformationefficiently.Thisincludesdescribingexperiences,expressingideas,andeventhinking.Languagehelpsorganizeknowledge.Whetherparaphrasingorsummarizing,creditisalwaysgiventotheauthor.TheAntarcticisthevastsourceofcoldonourplanet,justasthesunisthesourceofourheat,anditexertstremendouscontrolonourclimate,[Jacques]Cousteautoldthecamera.ThecoldoceanwateraroundAntarcticaflowsnorthtomixwithwarmerwaterfromthetropics,anditsupwellingshelptocoolboththesurfacewaterandouratmosphere.Yetthefragilityofthisregulatingsystemisnowthreatenedbyhumanactivity.FromCaptainCousteau,Audubon(May1990):17.Alegitimateparaphrase:AccordingtoJacquesCousteau,theactivityofpeopleinAntarcticaisjeopardizingadelicatenaturalmechanismthatcontrolstheearth'sclimate.Hefearsthathumanactivitycouldinterferewiththebalancebetweenthesun,thesourceoftheearth'sheat,andtheimportantsourceofcoldfromAntarcticwatersthatflownorthandcooltheoceansandatmosphere(CaptainCousteau17).III.ParaphrasingandSummarizingParaphrasingandsummarizingareverysimilar.Bothinvolvetakingideas,wordsorphrasesfromasourceandcraftingthemintonewsentenceswithinyourwriting.Inaddition,summarizingincludescondensingthesourcematerialintojustafewlines.e.g.Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinal[research]paper.Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes.ParaphrasingInresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatimSummarizingStudentsshouldtakejustafewnotesindirectquotationfromsourcestohelpminimizetheamountofquotedmaterialinaresearchpaper.StepsofWritingSummary1.Skimthetext,notinginyourmindthesubheadings.Iftherearenosubheadings,trytodividethetextintosections.Considerwhyyouhavebeenassignedthetext.2.Trytodeterminewhattypeoftextyouaredealingwith.Thiscanhelpyouidentifyimportantinformation.3.Readthetext,highlightingimportantinformationandtakingnotes.4.Inyourownwords,writedownthemainpointsofeachsection.5.Writedownthekeysupportpointsforthemaintopic,butdonotincludeminordetail.Requirementsforwritingthesummary:1.Thesummaryshouldcovertheoriginalasawhole.2.Thematerialshouldbepresentedinaneutralfashion.3.Thesummaryshouldbeacondensedv