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姓名:王信亮陈璐2011年3月25日TheDispositionalApproachToJobAttitudes:ALifetimeLongitudinalTestINTRODUCTIONRecentdebatesbetweenthejobenrichmentandsocialinformation-processingperspectiveshaveledtoatrendtowardgreatersituationalisminorganizationalresearch.Thispaperarguesforamoredispositionalapproachinwhichtheroleofthepersonisemphasized.Usingalongitudinalsample,measuresofaffectivedispositionfromasearlyasadolescencewereusedtopredictjobattitudesinlaterlife.Resultsshowedthatdispositionalmeasuressignificantlypredictedjobattitudesoveratimespanofnearlyfiftyyears.Theimplicationsofthesefindingsarediscussedintermsofboththeoriesofjobattitudesandorganizationaldevelopmentactivitiesthatattempttoalteremployeejobsatisfaction.TheEmergingSituationalApproach:Tworecentshiftsintheoriesabouthowpeoplereacttoworkenvironmentsincludegreateremphasisonsubjectiveandcognitivefactorsandamovetowardgreaterenvironmentaldeterminism.RestoringtheDispositionalPerspective:Thetrendtowardsituationalisminorganizationalresearchcorrespondstosimilarleaningsinpsychologyduringthe1960sand1970s.Inthispaperweoutlineevidenceforadispositionalexplanationofjobattitudesandattempttoshowwhyitisusefultorestoreconsiderationoftheindividualtoresearchonjobsatisfaction.TowardaDispositionalTheoryofJobAttitudes:Thefindingsoftemporalandcross-situationalstabilityinjobattitudesareimportantyetpreliminarystepsinformulatingadispositionalapproachtojobattitudes.Theycreateabasisfordispositionalresearch,providingasummaryofpastattitudesthatisusefulforpredictionsovertimeandsituation.JobAttitudesAsaFunctionofAffectiveDisposition:Thepresentstudyexaminestheinfluenceofaffectivedispositiononjobattitudesoverlongperiodsoftime.Thisresearchtakesadvantageofaveryunusualdataset,onethatextendsovermuchofthelifetimeofagroupofindividualswhohavebeenextensivelytestedatseveralpointsintime.Weusedthesedatatotestwhethertheaffectivedispositionofindividuals,fromasfarbackasjuniorandseniorhighschoolyears,canpredictjobsatisfactioninlaterlife.METHODSubjects:DataforthisresearchweretakenfromtheIntergenerationalStudies(IGS)conductedbytheInstituteofHumanDevelopmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.TheIGSdataareanaggregationofthreeseparatelongitudinalstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthelivesofselectedindividualsforoverfiftyyears.Q-SortDataandMethodology:Block,incollaborationwithHaan(1971),developedaQ-sortmethodologyasawayof姓名:王信亮陈璐2011年3月25日combiningdiversedatafromvariousassessmentsintoasetofcommonpersonalitycharacteristics.Q-sortsweredoneseparatelyforeachoffivetimeperiods.SampleSize:Thesamplesizesarestillmodestforthepresentinvestigationsduetothreelimitingfactors.MeasurementofAffectiveDisposition:Factoranalysesshowedthat17itemspertainingtobothintra-andinterpersonalaffectformedasingleaffectivefactor.ThespecificaffectiveitemsandtheirfactorloadingsareshowninTable1,alongwiththesamplesizeonwhicheachofthefactoranalyseswasbased.Alsoshowninthetablearethesquaredmultiplecorrelationsofthevariableswiththefactors,eigenvalues.Kaiser'smeasureofsamplingadequacy(MSA),andCronbach'salphameasureofscalereliability.MeasurementofJobAttitudes:IGSmeasuresofjobattitudeswereavailablefromaquestionnairethatwasadministeredtostudyparticipantsduringtheAdult2waveofdatacollectionandfrombothaquestionnaireandstructuredinterviewthatwerepartoftheAdult3waveofassessments.TheIGSmeasuresofjobattitudefortheAdult2timeperiodconsistedofsurveyquestionsonbothjobandcareersatisfaction.FortheAdult3timeperiodtherewerefivemeasuresofjobattitudesavailableintheIGSdata.TheMichiganfacet-specificmeasureofjobsatisfactionwasadministered.RESULTSTable2showsthecorrelatesofAdult2jobattitudes.Asshowninthetable,thecorrelationswereprogressivelystrongerasthetimebetweenmeasurementsdecreased.Thestrongestrelationshipresultedfromtheconcurrentmeasurementofaffectandjobattitudes,bothassessedattheAdult2timeperiod.Theweakestrelationship,thoughstillmarginallysignificant,wasthepredictionofAdult2jobattitudesfromaffectduringearlyadolescence.Table3showstherelationshipbetweenaffectivedispositionandjobattitudesfromtheAdult3timeperiod.Asshowninthetable,theoveralljobattitudemeasure(usingfactorscores)wassignificantlypredictedbyaffectfrombothearlyandlateadolescence.AffectivedispositionsfromAdult1werestronglyrelatedtojobattitudesattheAdult3timeperiod,AllofthedependentmeasuresatAdult3weresignificantlypredictedbyAdult1affect,andtheoveralljobattitudemeasurewasstronglyrelatedtoaffectfromtheAdult1period.OfalltherelationshipsshowninTable3,thecorrelationsbetweenAdult2affectandAdult3jobattitudesweretheweakest.TheconcurrentrelationshipsbetweenAdult3affectandAdult3jobattitudesweresomewhatstronger.PanelData:Table4presentsdatafromaconstantsampleacrossthefivetimeperiods,usingtheoveralljobattitudemeasuresastheprimarydependentvariable.ResultswereconsistentwiththedatapresentedinTables2and3.姓名:王信亮陈璐2011年3月25日DISCUSSIONThedatafromTables2and3showdistinctevidencethataffectivedispositionisasignificantpredictorofjobsatisfaction.AndthesecondsurprisingfindingfromtherelationshipsreportedinTables2and3isthelackofaconsistentpatternofdecay.SourcesofA