丰子恺《渐》译文赏析 翻译：张培基

Gradualness作者：丰子恺译者：张培基使人生圆滑进行的微妙的要素，莫如“渐”；造物主骗人的手段，也莫如“渐”。在不知不觉之中，天真烂漫的孩子“渐渐”变成野心勃勃的青年；慷慨豪侠的青年“渐渐”变成冷酷的成人；血气旺盛的成人“渐渐”变成顽固的老头子。因为其变更是渐进的，一年一年地、一月一月地、一日一日地、一时一时地、一分一分地、一秒一秒地渐进，犹如从斜度极缓的长远的山坡上走下来，使人不察其递降的痕迹，不见其各阶段的境界，而似乎觉得常在同样的地位，恒久不变，又无时不有生的意趣与价值，于是人生就被确实肯定，而圆滑进行了。故可知人生是由“渐”维持的。这在女人恐怕尤为必要：歌剧中，舞台上的如花的少女，就是将来火炉旁边的老婆子，这句话，骤听使人不能相信，少女也不肯承认，实则现在的老婆子都是由如花的少女“渐渐”变成的。Thesubtlefactorthatmakeslifeendurableis“gradualness”.Itisbythis“gradualness”thattheCreatordeceivesallhumans.Throughtheprocessofimperceptiblegradualchange,innocentkidsbecomeambitiousyouths,chivalrousyouthsbecomeunfeelinggrownups,aggressivegrownupsbecomemulisholdfogeys.GradualnessSincethechangetakesplacebyslowdegrees---yearbyyear,monthbymonth,daybyday,hourbyhour,minutebyminute,secondbysecond,youfeelasifyouwerepermanentlyyoursameoldselfalwaysseeingmuchfunandmeaninginlife,likeone,walkingalong,longwaydownanextremelygentlemountainslope,hardlyperceivesitsdegreeofinclineornoticesthealteredscenesashemovesalong.Youthustakeapositiveviewoflifeandfinditendurable.Supposeakidsuddenlybecameayoungmanovernight,orayoungmansuddenlybecameanoldmaninamatterofhoursfromdawntilldusk,youwoulddefinitelyfeelastonished,emotionallystirredandsad,orloseanyinterestinlifeduetoitstransience.Thegradualnessisparticularlycrucialtowomen.Beautifulyoungladiesstarringinanoperaorstageshowwillsomedayendupbecominggranniesmopingtheirremainingyearsawayaroundafire.Thismayatfirstsoundincredibleandyoungladiesmayrefusetoacceptitastrue.Factis,however,allagedwomenyoumeettodayhavewithoutexceptiongraduallyevolvedfrombeautifulyoungladiesofyesterday.渐Gradualness“渐”也可译为gradualchange，现译为gradualness与原文形式一致，并用了英语里的名词化现象：“gradualgradualness”突出作者此篇散文的正式(formal)文体，较gradualchange更简洁、庄重。使人生圆滑进行的微妙的要素，莫如“渐”；造物主骗人的手段，也莫如“渐”。Thesubtlefactorthatmakeslifeendurableis“gradualness”.Itisbythis“gradualness”thattheCreatordeceivesallhumans.渐非基本主题→语篇中心主题:“渐(Gradualness)”使人生圆滑进行的微妙的要素，莫如“渐”；造物主骗人的手段，也莫如“渐”。Thesubtlefactorthatmakeslifeendurableis“gradualness”.Itisbythis“gradualness”thattheCreatordeceivesallhumans.点评：很好！有自己的判断与创见。不过英语译文可修订为smoothlyendurable渐莫如(被译为“is”)暗含一种强调与比较关系，译为nothingbut或nomorethan比较好。圆滑进行：结合上下文来理解，圆滑大体上指，“使人感到，人生在世，日子还算好过。”但圆滑又有顺利、平缓进行下去的意思，因此建议修改为smoothandendurable.造物主骗人的手段，也莫如“渐”。Itisbythis“gradualness”thattheCreatordeceivesallhumans.译者用强调句在这里突出了原文中的“莫如”，如果加上“also”，就照应上文，更凸显了主题gradualness.在不知不觉之中，天真烂漫的孩子“渐渐”变成野心勃勃的青年；慷慨豪侠的青年“渐渐”变成冷酷的成人；血气旺盛的成人“渐渐”变成顽固的老头子。Throughtheprocessofimperceptiblegradualchange,innocentkidsbecomeambitiousyouths,chivalrousyouthsbecomeunfeelinggrownups,aggressivegrownupsbecomemulisholdfogeys.渐次级主题1：人生渐变四部曲：孩子kids青年youths成人grownups老头子oldfogeys次级主题的渐变体现了语篇中心主题“渐”的制约性在不知不觉之中，天真烂漫的孩子“渐渐”变成野心勃勃的青年；慷慨豪侠的青年“渐渐”变成冷酷的成人；血气旺盛的成人“渐渐”变成顽固的老头子。Throughtheprocessofimperceptiblegradualchange,innocentkidsbecomeambitiousyouths,chivalrousyouthsbecomeunfeelinggrownups,aggressivegrownupsbecomemulisholdfogeys.渐改译为:innocentcarefree改译为:generouschivalrous改译为:vigorousaggressive形容词体现的渐变：天真烂漫inocentcarefree野心勃勃ambitious慷慨豪侠generouschivalrous冷酷的unfeeling血气旺盛vigorousaggressive顽固的mulish形容词的渐变体现了语篇中心主题“渐”的制约性在不知不觉之中，天真烂漫的孩子“渐渐”变成野心勃勃的青年；慷慨豪侠的青年“渐渐”变成冷酷的成人；血气旺盛的成人“渐渐”变成顽固的老头子。Throughtheprocessofimperceptiblegradualchange,innocentkidsbecomeambitiousyouths,chivalrousyouthsbecomeunfeelinggrownups,aggressivegrownupsbecomemulisholdfogeys.渐改译为:growupinto(长大为)(becomesthgraduallywiththepassageoftime)可理解为：成熟为改译为:matureinto可理解为：衰退为改译为:deteriorateinto咬文嚼字顽固:Stubborn:determinednottogivewayObstinate:refusingtochangeone’sopinionorchosencourseofactionHeadstrong:determinedtodothingsinone’sownwaywithoutlisteningtoothersMulish:asstubbornasamule分析:选择mulish修饰theoldman，不仅突出了老人的极度顽固，而且更加形象，生动，使读者产生联想而忍俊不禁同时又觉无可奈何。点评：以上三组词的对比分析与创见性修改译文体现出你们已经领会主题关联性对词语意义的影响。因为其变更是渐进的，一年一年地、一月一月地、一日一日地、一时一时地、一分一分地、一秒一秒地渐进，Sincethechangetakesplacebyslowdegrees---yearbyyear,monthbymonth,daybyday,hourbyhour,minutebyminute,secondbysecond,渐犹如从斜度极缓的长远的山坡上走下来，使人不察其递降的痕迹，不见其各阶段的境界，而似乎觉得常在同样的地位，恒久不变，又无时不有生的意趣与价值，于是人生就被确实肯定，而圆滑进行了。youfeelasifyouwerepermanentlyyoursameoldselfalwaysseeingmuchfunandmeaninginlife,likeone,walkingalong,longwaydownanextremelygentlemountainslope,hardlyperceivesitsdegreeofinclineornoticesthealteredscenesashemovesalong.Youthustakeapositiveviewoflifeandfinditendurable.渐simile作者的措词要受到语篇中心主题“渐”的制约渐假如昨夜的孩子今朝忽然变成青年；或朝为青年而夕暮忽成老人，人一定要惊讶、感慨、悲伤、或痛感人生的无常，而不乐为人了。Supposeakidsuddenlybecameayoungmanovernight,orayoungmansuddenlybecameanoldmaninamatterofhoursfromdawntilldusk,youwoulddefinitelyfeelastonished,emotionallystirredandsad,orloseanyinterestinlifeduetoitstransience.这里作者刻画了忽变，以及人们对于突变的态度，用语和渐进形成强烈对比IncontrastwithgradualnessYourreactionsLoseinterestSuddenlybecameAkid↓ayoungmanovernightAyoungman↓anoldmaninafewhoursFeelastonishedFeelemotionallystirredFeelsad咬文嚼字或痛感人生的无常，而不乐为人了。无常：一指变化不定二婉称人死三佛教指世间万物都不能久住，都处在生灭成毁之中四指迷信中勾魂的鬼结合上下文语境和作者的背景(弘一法师也对丰子恺佛教思想起着举足轻重的影响。丰子恺不同于一般作家艺术家的世界观与艺术观，他时时以宗教的心眼去看待人生、对待艺术，佛教的“大慈大悲”是他精髓。)来分析，取释义“三”较为恰当，形容人生的转瞬即逝。转瞬即逝：transienttransient:lastingforonlyashorttime,brief,fleetingthetransienceofhumanlife人生之短暂语篇翻译时词义的选择要受到语篇中心主题及语境的制约故可知人生是