Venuti_

LawrenceVenuti劳伦斯·韦努蒂2013-12-18Mainworks•RethinkingTranslation:Discourse,Subjectivity,Ideology(1992).•TheTranslator’sInvisibility:AHistoryofTranslation(1995).•TheScandalsofTranslation:TowardsanEthicsofDifference(1998).Venuti:theculturalandpoliticalagendaoftranslationLiketheotherculturaltheorists,Venutiin1995insistedthatthescopeoftranslationstudiesneedstobebroadenedtotaketheaccountofthevalue-drivennatureofsocioculturalframework.通顺翻译译者的隐身异化翻译反常式翻译对抗式翻译少数化翻译语言剩余症候式阅读存异伦理因地制宜伦理翻译之耻Keyconcepts•the'invisibility'ofthetranslator•'Foreignizing'vs.'Domesticating'•'callforaction'TheTranslator'sInvisibilityProvidingafascinatingaccountofthehistoryoftranslationfromtheseventeenthcenturytothepresentday,VenutishowshowfluencyprevailedoverothertranslationstrategiestoshapethecanonofforeignliteraturesinEnglishanditinterrogatestheethnocentricandimperialistculturalconsequencesofthedomesticvaluesthatweresimultaneouslyinscribedandmaskedinforeigntextsduringthisperiod.Invisibilityofthetranslatoristypicallyproduced:•bythewaytranslatorsthemselvestendtotranslate‘fluently’intoEnglish,toproduceanidiomaticand‘readable’TT,thuscreatingan‘illusionoftransparency’;译者本人倾向于‘流畅’的翻译，努力使译本语言地道，‘可读性’强，从而使读者产生译文‘透明’的幻觉•Theillusionoftransparencyisaneffectoffluentdiscourse,ofthetranslator'sefforttoinsureeasyreadabilitybyadheringtocurrentusage,maintainingcontinuoussyntax,fixingaprecisemeaning.(Venuti,1995:1)“透明”这种错觉是通顺话语所形成的效果，是译者通过采用通行的用法、坚持连贯的句法和明确的意义所形成的效果，也是竭力保持译文的可读性所形成的效果。Whatissoremarkablehereisthatthisillusoryeffectconcealsthenumerousconditionsunderwhichthetranslationismade,startingwiththetranslator'scrucialinterventionintheforeigntext.Themorefluentthetransltion,themoreinvisiblethetranslator,and,presumably,themorevisiblethewriterormeaningoftheforeigntext.(Venuti,1995:1-2)值得注意的是，这种错觉掩盖了生成译文的种种因素，首先便是掩盖了译者对外语文本的关键性干预。译文越通顺，译者就越隐形，外语文本的意义和外语文本的作者也就越显形。•Bythewaythetranslatedtextsaretypicallyreadinthetargetculture:Atranslatedtext,whetherproseorpoetry,fictionornon-fiction,isjudgedacceptablebymostpublishers,reviewersandreaderswhenitreadsfluently,whentheabsenceofanylinguisticorstylisticpeculiaritiesmakesitseemtransparent,givingtheappearancethatitreflectstheforeignwriter’spersonalityorintentionortheessentialmeaningoftheforeigntext-theappearance,inothterwords,thatthetranslationisnotinfactatranslation,butthe‘original’.(Venti1995:1)译入语文化中的不同读者层解读翻译文本的方式。译文读起来流畅，使人们觉得这不是翻译，而是‘原文’时，出版商、评论家和读者认为这样的翻译作品（不论是散文还是诗歌，小说还是其他类型的题材）才是可以接受的。（Venti1995：1）Whatcausesthetranslator'sinvisibility?1)Venutiseesthemostimportantfactorsforthisasbeing‘theprevailingconceptionofauthorship’.Translationisseenasderivativeandofsecondaryqualityandimportance.AuthorTranslator＞2）Domesticationisthemainstreamintranslationfield.Itcausesanethnocentricreductionoftheforeigntexttotarget-languageculturevalues.(外国文本的种族中心让位于[英美]译入语的文化价值观)异入语原语＞Domesticationvs.Foreignization•Domestication:atermusedbyVenutitodescribethetranslationstrategyinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedinordertominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextforTLreaders.•“Leavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestotheauthortowardshim”(尽可能让读者安居不动，而引导作者去接近读者)•ForeignizingtranslationorMinoritizingTranslation:isatermbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichaTTisproducedwithdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal.•“Leavestheauthorinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereaderstowardshim.”(尽可能让作者安居不动，而引导读者去接近作者)•anethnodeviantpressureonthosevaulestoregisterthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad.•对[译入语文化]价值观施加种族离心的压力，以[在翻译作品]中体现外国文本语言和文化的差异，从而把读者送到国外(Venuti,1995:20)异化翻译的内涵异化翻译的实质•entailschoosingaforeigntextanddevelopingatranslationmethodalonglineswhichareexcludedbydominantculturalvaluesinthetargetlanguage(Venuti,1997:242)•Drawonvariousstrategiesofforeignizationandletreadersfeelitistranslatedworkratherthantheoriginalone•ItseemsthatVenuticonsidersthatthroughthiswaywecanresisttheEnglish-speakingcountry’sculturalhegemony(英语国家的文化霸权)andachievethegoalofequalcommunication.他所倡导的异化翻译的实质：（1）选择要翻译的外国文本和翻译策略时，选择使用那些被译入语主流文化价值观所排除在外的外国文本和翻译策略；（2）采用多种异化手段来翻译（这些手段能够使读者觉得这是翻译而不是原作）。Venuti似乎认为，通过他对外国文本的选择和异化翻译方法的使用就能够挑战英语国家的文化霸权，以达到文化平等交流的目的.Calltoaction异化翻译能够“抑制翻译中种族中心的暴力”(torestraintheethnocentricviolenceoftranslation),抑制英语国家‘暴力’的归化翻译文化价值观（1995：20）。因而异化翻译又被称作是‘抵抗翻译’(resistanttranslation)，即译者通过采用不流畅的翻译手法，突出翻译作品中外国文本的外来身份并保护原文本不受译入语文化意识形态的控制，从而使自己不再是翻译的隐形人（1995：305-6）。在1998年所著的TheScandalsofTranslation中，Venuti又将异化翻译称为“少数化”翻译(minoritizingtranslation)，认为这种翻译能够创造出一种富有变化的、“含有异质成分的话语”韦努蒂翻译理论的缺陷•Hedoesn’ttakethemainpurposeofliterarytranslationsorthereaders’needintoconsideration.•ItisstillindoubtthatwhetherforeignizationcanchangethetranslationsituationinBritishandAmericancountries.•Fluent/Domesticationisprevailingbothinstrongandminorcountries.ForeignizingtranslationisasubjectiveandrelativetermthatstillinvolvessomedomesticationbecauseittranslatesanSTforatargetcultureanddependsondominanttarget-culturevaluestobecomevisiblewhenitdepartsfromthem.Conclusion•最后，需要指出的是，Venuti本人也已经认识到他所提倡的异化翻