日本琵琶湖的保护管理模式及对江苏省湖泊保护管理的启示

286200611RESOURCESSCIENCEVol.28,No.6Nov.,2006:1007-7588(2006)06-0039-07:2006-01-12;:2006-05-12:;;::(1964),,,,,E2mail:[e-mail]1,2,1(11,210093;21,88922192):,,,,;,:;;;;,,[13],,,,[4],,,,,,,,,,1,674km2,40m,,501000,3848km2,(1),47%1000m,400,,,133104,1Fig.1SketchmapofLakeBiwaandYodoriverbasin,,24()1400104,,2,,1972,25(19721997)3,,,,,25,[2],211,,,11966200034,,,,50%,43%,,[5];,,,,,,,,[6],,13Table1ComparisonthechangeoflandusebetweenSigaPrefectureandthewholecountryofJapan1966(km2)2000(km2)(%)(%)650553-15-118664-26-589221+149+1223:http:PP[79],,,[10]4,2000(COD)(TN)(TP)4516tP1915tP1111tP,42,04286,,,,,[11],,,,,,22000Table2PollutionloadcomposingproportionofLakeBiwain2000(%)CODTNTP151712162211151416141417251128103816431843102416:http:PP[12,13],,;;;()[14]2141897,,1964,,,,,2090,21,(IntegratedWaterResourceManagement2IWRM)[15],1997,,2003(IWRM),::;;,3311,,,,,,,,P2Fig12ManagementcooperationsystemofLakeBiwa,,,,2,14286:,,2;;31231211,,,,,,,,31212,,,GISP31213,,,1972,,197331214,;;,,31215;,,,,,,,,,313,,[16],24286,,,,,,,,199725,,199822(19992020)21(MotherLake21Plan),20202060,7,:PPP(3),,,,,;,,,,,,,,,4,,37Fig.3SevensmallwatershedsofLakeBiwaBasin,,,411,,,,;,,412,,,,,34286:,,,,,,,413,,,,,,,;,414,,;;;,44Fig14SketchmapoflakesmanagementpatternofJiangsuprovince(),,(),,(References):[1]MatsuiS,IdeS,AndoM.LakesandReservoirs:reflectingwatersofsustainableuse[J].WaterScienceandTechnology,1995,32(7):221224.[2]BallatoreT.5114LakeBiwaandtheWorldsLakes.Rapporteurs:WilliamsandBallatore.Participants:50[J].WaterPolicy,2001,3(1):205207.[3].[J].,2001(20):6875.[4].[J].,2004,(11):38391[CAODong2ping.DiscussingofseveralcharacteristicsoflakesprotectionregulationsofJiangsuProvince[J].JiangsuWaterResources,2004,(11):38391][5],.[J].,2002,(21):4345.[6],,.[J].(),2003,(22):1928.[7]NakanoTakanori,TayasuIchiro,WadaEitaro,etal.SulfurandstrontiumisotopegeochemistryoftributaryriversofLakeBiwa:implicationsforhumanimpactonthedecadalchangeoflakewaterquality[J].ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,2005,345(13):112.[8]IchikiAtsushi,YamadaKiyoshi.StudyoncharacteristicsofpollutantrunoffintoLakeBiwa,Japan[J].WaterScienceandTechnology,1999,39(12):1725.[9]IchikiAtsushi,OhnishiToshiyuki,YamadaKiyoshi.EstimationofurbannonpointsourcepollutioninLakeBiwaBasin[J].WaterScienceandTechnology,1998,38(10):157163.[10].«ŸÊӐ§Ÿ[J].,2002,(27):505508.[11].ÊÓ[J].,2002,(21):4653.[12]HallSR,MillsEL.Exoticspeciesinlargelakesoftheworld[J].AquaticEcosystemHealth&Management,2000,3(1):105135.[13]MurphyTP,LawsonA,KumagaiM,etal.Reviewofemergingissuesinsedimenttreatment[J].AquaticEcosystemHealth&Management,1999,2(4):419434.[14],,,.[J].,2002,(21):6469.[15]AdilA1Radif.Integratedwaterresourcesmanagement(IWRM):an44286approachtofacethechallengesofthenextcenturyandtoavertfuturecrises[J].Desalination,1999,(124):145153.[16]..(),2003,(22):209219.TheProtectionandManagementPatternofLakeBiwainJapanandRelevantSuggestionsforJiangsuProvinceZHANGXing2qi1,AKIYOSHIYasuhiro2,HUANGXian2jin1(11DepartmentofUrbanandResourcesSciences,NanjingUniversity,Nanjing210093,China;21FacultyofAgriculture,MiyazakiUniversity,88922192,Japan)Abstract:Lakeshavecharacteristicsoflongretentiontimeandcomplexdynamics,andhavemultiplevaluesandservicessuchaswatersupply,floodprevention,shipping,breedaquatics,sightseeingetc,Thecharacteristicsandmultiplevaluesofthelakesmakethemeasilybepollutedanddestroyedundertheinfluenceofhumanactivities,butitisdifficulttorestore,protectandmanagethem.Afterexperiencingone2sidedwaterresourcesdevelopmentandutilizationstageduringtherapiddevelopmentperiodofJapanseconomy,ithasbeenchangedtothestageofcombiningdevelopmentandutilizationwithprotectionofLakeBiwainJapan,anditslong2rangeobjectiveistoletthewaterqualityofLakeBiwaberestoredtothelevelofbeforerapiddevelopmentperiodofJapanseconomyandecologicalrestorationbeobtainedthroughcarryingoutlong2termstrategicplanningofLakeBiwa.Jiangsuprovinceisintherapiddevelopmentperiodofeconomyandsociety,andthelakestherehavebeendevelopedandutilizedintensely,buttheprotectionandmanagementofthelakesarefarbehindtherequirements,lakesarefacingseriousproblemsofeutrophication,arealdecreasing,ecologicalandenvironmentaldeteriorationetc,thecurrentcircumstanceofthelakesinJiangsuissimilartothosefacingtheLakeBiwaduringrapiddevelopmentperiodofJapanseconomy.Therefore,itismeaningfultolearntheexperienceandlessonsofLakeBiwasprotectionandmanagementforstrengtheningtheprotectionandmanagementoflakesinJiangsuProvince.TheproblemsfacingtheLakeBiwaincludehydrologiccircleschangeresultingfromlanduseandlandcoverchange,aquaticenvironmentalpollutionandpoorwaterquality,ecologicalandenvironmentaldeterioration;thebasicideaofLakeBiwasintegratedmanagementistogivenextgenerationsanenvironmentallysoundLakeBiwa,anditsbasicpolicyofintegratedmanagementarepublicawarenessofLakeBiwa,coexistencewithLakeBiwaandsharingLakeBiwawithnextgenerations.Basedondiscussingtheparticularityandimportance,theproblemsfacingtheLakeBiwaandthechangingprotect