英语阅读材料-your-actions-speak-louder

1YourActionsSpeakLouderAPeaceCorpsstaffmemberishurriedlycalledtoatowninEthiopiatodealwithreportsthatoneofthevolunteersistreatingEthiopianslikedogs.Whatcouldthevolunteerbedoingtocommunicatethat?AvolunteerinNigeriahasgreattroublegettinganydisciplineinhisclass,anditisknownthatthestudentshavenorespectforhimbecausehehasshownnoself-respect.Howhasheshownthat?Neithervolunteeroffendedhishostswithwords.Butbothofthemwereunawareofwhattheyhadcommunicatedthroughtheirnonverbalbehavior.Inthefirstcase,thevolunteerworkingatahealthcenterwouldgointothewaitingroomandcallforthenextpatient.ShedidthisasshewouldinAmerica－bypointingwithherfingertothenextpatientandbeckoninghimtocome.AcceptableintheStates,butinEthiopiaherpointinggestureisforchildrenandherbeckoningsignalisfordogs.InEthiopiaonepointstoapersonbyextendingthearmandhandandbeckonsbyholdingthehandout,palmdown,andclosingitrepeatedly.Inthesecondcase,thevolunteerinsistedthatstudentslookhimintheeyetoshowattentiveness,inacountrywhereprolongedeyecontactisconsidereddisrespectful.WhilethemostinnocentAmerican-Englishgesturemayhaveinsulting,embarrassing,oratleastconfusingconnotationsinanotherculture,theconverseisalsotrue.IfforeignvisitorsweretobangonthetableandhissatthewaiterforserviceinaNewYorkrestaurant,theywouldbefortunateiftheywereonlythrownout.Americansmightfindforeignstudentsoverlypoliteiftheybow.Itseemseasiertoacceptthearbitrarinessoflanguage－thatdogischieninFrenchorajainYoruba－thanthedifferencesintheemotionallyladenbehaviorofnonverbalcommunication,whichinmanywaysisjustasarbitraryaslanguage.Weassumethatourwayoftalkingandgesturingisnaturalandthatthosewhodothingsdifferentlyaresomehowplayingwithnature.Thisassumptionleadstoablindnessaboutinterculturalbehavior.Andindividualsarelikelytoremainblindandunawareofwhattheyarecommunicatingnonverbally,becausethehostswillseldom2tellthemthattheyhavecommittedasocialblunder.Itistruetotellpeopletheyarerude;thusthehostsgrantvisitorsaforeigner'slicense,allowingthemtomakemistakesofsocialetiquette,andtheyneverknowuntiltoolatewhichonesprovedisastrous.Anadditionalhandicapisthatthevisitorshavenotenteredthenewsettingasfreeagents,abletodetectandadoptnewwaysofcommunicatingwithoutwords.Theyareprisonersoftheirowncultureandinteractwithintheirownframework.Yetthefactremainsthatformaximumunderstandingthevisitorusingthewordsofanotherlanguagealsomustlearntousethetoolsofnonverbalcommunicationofthatculture.Nonverbalcommunication－teachingitandmeasuringeffect－ismoredifficultthanformallanguageinstruction.Butnowthatlanguagehasachieveditsproperrecognitionasbeingessentialforsuccess,theareaofnonverbalbehaviorshouldbetaughttopeoplewhowillliveinanothercountryinasystematicway,givingthemactualexperiences,awareness,sensitivity.Indeed,itistheriseinlinguisticfluencywhichnowmakesnonverbalfluencyevenmorecritical.Alinguisticallyfluentvisitormaytendtooffendevenmorethanthosewhodon'tspeakaswellifthatvisitorshowsignoranceaboutinterfaceetiquette;thenationalmayperceivethisdisparitybetweenlinguisticandnonlinguisticperformanceasadisregardforthemoresubtleaspectsofinterculturalcommunication.Becausenonverbalcuesreflectemotionalstates,bothvisitorandhostnationalmightnotbeabletoarticulatewhat'sgoingon.WhileitwouldbedifficulttomapoutallthenonverbaldetailsforeverylanguagethatPeaceCorpsteaches,onecanhopetomakevisitorsawareoftheexistenceandemotionalimportanceofnonverbalchannels.Ihaveidentifiedfivesuchchannels:kinesic,proxemic,chronemic,oculesic,andhaptic.Kinesics－movementofthebody(head,arms,legs,etc.).TheinitialexamplefromthehealthcenterinEthiopiawasaproblemcausedbyakinesicsignbeingusedwhichhaddifferentmeaningscross-culturally.Anotherexample,theAmericangestureofslittingone'sthroatimplyingI'vehaditorI'mintrouble,conveysquite3adifferentmessageinSwitzerland.ItmeansIloveyou.Americansmakenodistinctionbetweengesturingforsilencetoanadultortoachild.AnAmericanwillputonefingertothelipsforboth,whileanEthiopianwilluseonefingertoachildandfourfingersforanadult.Touseonlyonefingerforanadultisdisrespectful.Ontheotherhand,Ethiopiansmakenodistinctioningesturingtoindicateemphaticnegation.Theyshaketheirindexfingerfromsidetosidetoanadultaswellastoachild,whereasthisgestureisusedonlyforchildrenbyAmericans.Thus,ifvisitorsarenotconsciousofthemeaningofsuchbehavior,theynotonlywilloffendtheirhostsbuttheywillbeoffendedbythem.DrawinginthecheeksandholdingthearmsrigidlybythesideofthebodymeansthininAmharic.Diet-consciousAmericansfeelcomplimentediftheyaretoldthattheyareslimandsomaynaturallyassumethattotellanEthiopianfriendthisisalsocomplimentary.YetinEthiopiaandanumberofothercountries,thisistakenpejoratively,asitisthoughtbettertobeheavy-set,indicatinghealthandstatusandenoughwealthtoensurethetwo.Proxemics－theuseofinterpersonalspace.SouthAmericans,Greeks,andothersfindcomfortinstanding,sitting,ortalkingtopeopleatadistancewhichAmericansfindintolerablyclose.Wegivetheirunusualclosenessthesocialinterpretationofaggressivenessandintimacy,causingustohavefeelingsofhostility,discomfort,orintimidation.Ifwebackawaytoourgreaterdistanceofcomfort,weare