阅读长难句生物类2

长难句解析生物/态学类相关词汇chlorophyllaminoacidsproteinnitrogenphotosynthetic(adj.)photosynthesis(n.)botanybotanistlichenfungus(pl.fungi)algae(pl.alga)bacterium(pl.bacteria)organismrodent叶绿素氨基酸蛋白质氮光合作用植物学地衣；青苔真菌，霉菌藻类啮齿类的•primate•mammal•reptile•predator•prey•acquatic•artery•vein•fingernail•scale•claw灵长类动物哺乳类动物爬行类动物捕食者被捕食者水生的动脉静脉指甲鳞片•horn•nourish•clam•crab•beaver•pond•puddle•snail•shrimp•hormone•intestine•corn•squash•bean•nectar•pollen•hive•moss角滋养,供给....营养蚌虾狸池塘水坑蜗牛荷尔蒙肠南瓜花蜜花粉蜂巢苔藓•hibernate冬眠penguin企鹅reef礁coral珊瑚beak鸟嘴enzymes酵母larvae幼虫tadpole蝌蚪caterpillar毛虫grasshopper蚱蜢toad蟾蜍herbicide除草剂secretion(n.)secrete(v.)分泌pancreas胰腺odor/aroma/fragrance/scent/smellroe鱼卵caviar鱼子酱raccoon浣熊gland腺体cricket蟋蟀13-3MethodsofStudyingInfantPerception•Therefore,whenobservationalassessmentisusedasatechniqueforstudyinginfantperceptualabilities,caremustbetakennottoovergeneralizefromthedataortorelyononeortwostudiesasconclusiveevidenceofaparticularperceptualabilityoftheinfant.•Perception感知，感觉•perceptual•observation观察•assessment评估•technique•overgeneralize笼统地概括•observe•vt.庆祝；观察；遵守•Olsonalsostudiesandobservesthebehaviourofbabies.•observationn.观察；监视；观察报告•assess•vt.评定；估价•Theyassesshishouseat15000yuan.•assessment评定；估价assessor评审员；确定税款的人；顾问同：evaluate•Therefore,whenobservationalassessmentisusedasatechniqueforstudyinginfantperceptualabilities,caremustbetakennottoovergeneralizefromthedataortorelyononeortwostudiesasconclusiveevidenceofaparticularperceptualabilityoftheinfant.因此，当观测评估作为一项技术来研究婴儿的感知能力，必须小心不要把过度归纳的数据或者依赖于一两个研究作为特定的婴儿感知能力的确凿证据。15-1AWarm-BloodedTurtle•Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromtheflippersruncloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebodytopickupsomeheatfromthewarmerbloodvessels;thus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.•countercurrent逆流•flippers脚蹼（flipper的复数）；蛙鞋•vessel船，舰；脉管，血管；容器，器皿•在逆流交换系统中，携带着来自脚蹼冷却血液的血管与携带着来自身体温暖血液的血管足够靠近，这样就可以从更温暖的血管中吸收一些热量。因此，在到达脚蹼之前，热量就从流出身体的血管转移到了流入身体的血管。Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromtheflippersruncloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebodytopickupsomeheatfromthewarmerbloodvessels;thus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.主句：thebloodvessels...runclosetothebloodvessels...15-2MassExtinctions•AmericanpaleontologistsDavidRaupandJohnSepkoski,whohavestudiedextinctionratesinanumberoffossilgroups,suggestthatepisodesofincreasedextinctionhaverecurredperiodically,approximatelyevery26millionyearssincethemid-Cretaceousperiod.•Extinction•paleontologist古生物学者•periodically定期地；周期性地；•approximately大约，近似地；•episode插曲；一段情节•mid-Cretaceous•AmericanpaleontologistsDavidRaupandJohnSepkoski,whohavestudiedextinctionratesinanumberoffossilgroups,suggestthatepisodesofincreasedextinctionhaverecurredperiodically,approximatelyevery26millionyearssincethemid-Cretaceousperiod.美国古生物学家DavidRaup和JohnSepkosk在化石群中研究过物种灭绝的速度，他指出，自从白垩纪中期以来，这种物种快速灭绝的事件周期性的循环发生，大约每两千六百万年出现一次。17-2AnimalSignalsintheRainForest•Inthegreen-toyellowlightingconditionsofthelowestlevelsoftheforest,yellowandgreenwouldbethebrightestcolors,butwhenananimalissignaling,thesecolorswouldnotbeveryvisibleiftheanimalwassittinginanareawithayellowishorgreenishbackground.在森林最底部绿色到黄色的光照条件下，黄色和绿色是最明亮的颜色，但是当某一动物正在发送信号时，如果它正处于黄色或者绿色的背景区域，那么这些颜色就不是很容易被看见。6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatistrueaboutlightthatreachesgroundlevel?•AItrevealsonlytheyellowandgreencolorsanimalsusetosignaleachother.•BItreflectstheyellowandgreencolorstomakethefloorasbrightassunshine.•CItcamouflagesanimalswhosenaturalcolorsareyellowandgreen.•DItconsistsmostlyofyellow-to-greenwavelengths.17-3SymbioticRelationships•Inthesecondcase,pollinators(insects,birds)obtainfoodfromthefloweringplant,andtheplanthasitspollendistributedandseedsdispersedmuchmoreefficientlythantheywouldbeiftheywerecarriedbythewindonly.•Symbiotic共生的；共栖的•pollinators传粉者•pollen传授花粉给n.[植]花粉•disperse分散；传播•disperse•vt.分散；使散开；传播•Policefiredshotsandusedteargastodispersethedemonstrators.•警察开枪并使用了催泪瓦斯来驱散示威人群。同：spreadscattertransmit•Inthesecondcase,pollinators(insects,birds)obtainfoodfromthefloweringplant,andtheplanthasitspollendistributedandseedsdispersedmuchmoreefficientlythantheywouldbeiftheywerecarriedbythewindonly.在第二个例子中，传粉生物（昆虫和鸟类）从开花植物中获得食物，而且这样的植物可以让花粉和种子传播的效率，比它们在被风吹走的情况下传播的效率要高得多。•Accordingtoparagraph5,therelationshipbetweenlegumesandbacteriabenefitsthesoilby•Aaddingenrichingcarbohydrates•Bspeedingthedecayoforganicmatter•Cdestroyingenzymesthatpolluteit•Dcontributingnitrogentoit18-2Themysteryofyawning•Accordingtoconventionaltheory,yawningtakesplacewhenpeopleareboredorsleepyandservesthefunctionofincreasingalertnessbyreversing,throughdeeperbreathing,thedropinbloodoxygenlevelsthatarecausedbytheshallowbreathingthataccompanieslackofsleeporboredom.根据传统理论，当人们无聊或者困倦时就会打哈欠。伴随睡眠不足或无聊的是浅呼吸，而浅呼吸会降低血液中氧的含量。打哈欠可以通过深呼吸逆转这一点，增加血液中氧的含量从而达到提高警觉性的功能。•yawn打呵欠；裂开•alertness警戒；机敏•reversingadj.回动的v.颠倒；倒转•Inparagragh1,whatpointdoestheauthormakeabouttheevidenceforthetirednesstheoryofyawning?•AThereisnoscientific