development-by-time

P.10-11Ex.41:Allinventionsareeitherbasicinventionsorimprovementsonearlierinventions.2:Therewasaseriousaccidentinthechemistrylabyesterday.3:Nutritionaldeficiencyisamajorproblemoftheelderly.DevelopmentbyTime—chronologicalarrangementA.TheuseItisusuallyusedintellingastoryorrecountinganevent.Inotherwords,thingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened.Thisisaneasyandclearwaytoarrangeaparagraph.B.OrganizationEarlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings.C.Transitionalwordsandexpressions(timeindicators)When,while,before,after,as,attheturnofthecentury,later,earlier,formerly•now,nowadays,during,between...and...,in...(year),since...,•later,afterwards,earlier,formerly,fromthenon,inthe1990s,•atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy（初期，婴儿期）,inadolescence(青春期),asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeath,simultaneously（同时）,atthesametime•theformer,thelatter,previous,previously,priorto,•first,second,inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplace（其次，然后）,•inconclusion,finally,lastly,intheendWestern-styleWeddingCeremonies1.Weddingprocessional入场式orentranceofthebrideandgroom,andweddingpartyifapplicable2.Music,literature,andpoetryorweddingreadingsfromtheBible3.WeddingVows婚礼誓言4.Exchangeofweddingringsorgifts5.Ablessing,benedictiontosupportthemarriage祈求上帝赐福仪式.6.Afirstkissasamarriedcouple7.Arecessional退场赞美诗8.Weddingreception/feast婚宴.key1.Jackshouldnothavetakenthegymnasticscourse.2.ParagraphB.Itiseasierforthereadertofollow.AllthedetailsinParagraphBthatillustratethetopicsentencefollowastricttimeorderwhilethoseinParagraphAdonot.Topicsentence:Supportingdetails:1.InSeptember,2.Amonthlater,3.DuringtheDecemberholidays,Jackshouldnothavetakenthegymnasticscourse.hefellofftheunevenbarsandgotaconcussion.hesprainedhisankle,afterabadlandingoffthebalancebeam.hebrokethesupportbeaminthebasementofhisparents’home,showingthemhisskills.4.InJanuary,5.InFebruary,6.InMay,hebrokehisthumbwhenhecaughtitonthebarofthepommelhorse.hefailedthefinalexaminhisgymnasticscourse.hefailedtograduateduetothelackoftwohoursofphysicaleducationcredit.SUMMARYYoumayhavenoticedthatthesupportingdetailsofParagraphBarearrangedinchronologicalorder,i.e.fromthebeginningofaschooltermtotheendofit.Paragraphdevelopmentofthiskindiscalleddevelopmentbytime.Thatis,alltheeventsarearrangedinthesameorderastheyactuallyoccurred.LinkingdevicesKey•Sample1.SomehistoriansmarkthecourseoftheAmericanRevolutionaryWarinthreemajorperiods.2.Yes.Theparagraphfollowsthetimeorderandusesmanytimeindicatorstomakeiteasyforthereadertofollow.•TOPICSENTENCE:•SUPPORTINGIDEAS:SomehistoriansmarkthecourseoftheAmericanRevolutionaryWarinthreemajorperiods.1.Duringthefirstphaseoftheconflict,newEnglandwasthebattleground.1)TheMinutemenandtheRedcoatsfiredtheopeningshotsofthewaratLexingtonatdawnofApril19,1775.2)Shortlyafterwards,thenewEnglandcolonistslaidsiegetoBoston,thelocationoftheBritishheadquarters.2.Inthesecondphaseofthewar,whichbeganafterthesigningoftheDeclaration,boththeBritishandtheAmericansmadeimportantmilitarygains.1)TheBritishsoldierscapturedNewYorkinthefallof1776,andayearlatertheyoccupiedPhiladelphia.2)MeanwhiletheAmericanswereabletoseizeNewJerseyandSaratoga.3.Thefightingmovedtothewestandsouthduringthelastphase.1)In1778and1779severalbattlesoccurredinKentuckyandTennessee.2)Thentwoyearslater,thefinalbattleofthewarwasfoughtatYorktown,Virginia.DevelopmentbytimefirstAtdawnofapril,1775ShortlyafterwardsSeveralmonthsbeforesecondafterInthefallof1776AyearlatermeanwhilelastIn1778and1779ThentwoyearslaterAtthattimeDevelopmentbytimeafterlaterfirst(second,etc.)nextduringashorttimelater…agobeforesoonlastmeanwhileatlastsuddenlyinthemorning(afternoon,evening)thenoncefinallyafterawhileimmediatelyassoonasafterwardsnoweventuallywhenwhileinthepast•Trytoidentifythetimeindicators.•ThefirstrailroadsweredevelopedinEuropeinthesixteenthcentury.Theylookednothinglikethoseoftoday.Therailswereofwood,andthecars,smallwoodencartswhichhauledcoal,weredrawnbyhorses.Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,railroadtechnologyhadadvancedconsiderably.Steamlocomotiveshadbeendeveloped,andcastironwasusedfortracks.In1825arailroadlinebegancarryingpassengersaswellasfreight.ThatsameyearAmerica’sfirstknownsteamlocomotivewasrunonacirculartrackatHoboken,NewJersey.SoonAmericanlocomotivesandrailroadsweremultiplyingrapidly.Manyshortraillineswerelaidduringthe1830s.Theseshortlineswerethenlinkedwithoneanother,andbytheearly1840snetworksofrailsconnectedalltheeasterncities.•Sample1•ThefirstrailroadsweredevelopedinEuropeinthesixteenthcentury.Theylookednothinglikethoseoftoday.Therailswereofwood,andthecars,smallwoodencarts二轮运货马车whichhauled拉coal,weredrawnbyhorses.Bytheearlynineteenthcentury,railroadtechnologyhadadvancedconsiderably非常地.Steamlocomotives机车hadbeendeveloped,andcastiron生铁wasusedfortracks轨道.In1825arailroadlinebegancarryingpassengersaswellasfreight.ThatsameyearAmerica’sfirstknownsteamlocomotivewasrunonacirculartrackatHoboken,NewJersey.SoonAmericanlocomotivesandrailroadsweremultiplying增加rapidly.Manyshortraillineswerelaid铺放duringthe1830s.Theseshortlineswerethenlinkedw