【优化方案】2016高考英语二轮复习-第二部分-题型突破-专题二-阅读理解-第五讲-篇章结构题强化训

1第五讲篇章结构题A(2015·宿迁市三模)Depressioncanbeadevastatingillness，plaguingmillionsofpeopleworldwidewithfeelingsofsadness，hopelessness，andfatigue.Despitenumerousantidepressantdrugs，asmanyasathirdofpatientsdon’trespondtomedication.Thishasforceddoctorstobemorecreativeinfindingdifferenttreatmentsforthecondition.Inthepasttwodecades，researchershavetieddepressiontoaseeminglyunrelatedcondition：inflammation(炎症)，thebody’snaturalresponsetostress.Itcouldrisefrominjuryorinflection，orevenemotionalissueslikeanunhappymarriageorproblemsatwork.Someamountofinflammationisgenerallybeneficial，asitincreasesproductionofcytokines(致癌因子)，proteinsthathelpushealandprotectusfromtheeffectsofoverwork.Butexcessivecytokinelevels，andtheinflammationtheybringon，couldcomeatacost.Anumberofstudiessuggestthathighlevelsofcytokinescouldcontributetodepression.Cytokinescanreachthebrainseveralways：directlythroughtheblood­brainbarrierorindirectlybybindingtonervefiberselsewhere，whichsendsignalstothebraintoproducetheinflammationmolecules.Inthebrain，cytokinescandisturbtheproductionandreleaseofseveralimportantsignalingchemicals，includingserotonin，dopamineandglutamate，whichhelpcontrolemotion，appetite，sleep，learningandmemory.It’sthoughtthatalackofserotoninactivityinthebraincausesdepression;mostantidepressantsincreasetheactivity.Butcytokinesalsohavebeenshowntoactivatestresshormonesignalinginthebrain，whichcanalsoservetodevelopdepression.Withalltheevidenceimplicatinginflammationindepression，doctorshavebeenanxioustotestanti­inflammatorydrugsasapotentialtreatment.Foursmallstudentspublishedbetween2006and2012byresearchgroupsinEuropeandIranfoundthatadultsdiagnosedwithdepressionwhotookaspirinoranotheranti­inflammatorydrugcalledCelecoxib，alongwithanantidepressant，gotmorerelieffromfeelingsofsadness，hopelessness，guiltandfatiguecomparedwiththosetakinganantidepressantalone.However，AndrewMiller，aprofessorofpsychiatryatEmoryUniversity，thoughtsomethingwasamissinthesesmall，limitedstudies.Noneofthemlookedatwhethertheparticipantshadtohavehighlevelsofcytokinesbeforeintothetrapofviewinginflammatorydrugs.“Unfortunately，muchofthefieldhasfallenintothetrapofviewinginflammationasthebe­all，end­all，”Millersays.Heandhiscolleagueswantedtoseewhethertheeffectofthesedrugswaslimitedtothedepressionpatientswithhighcytokinelevels，orifithelpedallpeoplediagnosedwithdepression.【解题导语】这是一篇医疗文章阅读。文章主要介绍了抑郁症形成的过程和原因，也提供了一些治疗方法，但到目前为止还没有非常满意的疗效。21．Whichofthefollowingillustrateshowdepressionisdeveloped?A．infection→inflammation→cytokine→depressionB．stress→overwork→inflammation→depressionC．cytokine→stress→infection→depressionD．inflammation→infection→stress→depression解析：选A。细节理解题。根据题干关键词howdepressionisdeveloped找到文章对应段落第二段，根据该段的第二句话和第三句话判断抑郁形成的步骤是A。2．Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________．A．depressionwillbeanincurablediseaseforalongtimeB．wehavealongwaytogobeforedepressioncanbesatisfyingtreatedC．peoplewhoarehard­workingaremoresubjecttodepressionD．aspirincaneffectivelyhelprelievepeopleofmanyemotionalproblems解析：选B。细节理解题。根据文章的第一段排除A；根据文章第四段的倒数第二句话排除C；根据文章第五段的第二句话排除D；根据文章最后一段专家的分析说明抑郁症的治疗要有很漫长的路要走，故选B。3．Theunderlinedword“excessive”inPara.3isclosestinmeaningto“________”．A．intermediateB．mildC．appropriateD．overmuch解析：选D。词义猜测题。intermediate中间的；mild温柔的；appropriate适当的；overmuch过度的。根据文章第二段的最后一句话increasesproductionof...可判断是过度的，故选D。4．Whichofthefollowingshowstherightstructureofthepassage?解析：选C。篇章结构题。通读全文，并根据文章的第一段提出论点，最后一段回扣主题，由此可判断选择C。B(2016·贵州七校联盟第一次联考)Thelargestlandanimalremainingontheearth，theAfricanelephant，isofmuchimportancetoAfricanecosystem.Unlikeotheranimals，theAfricanelephantistoagreatextentthebuilderofitsenvironment.Asagiantplant­eater，itsignificantlyshapestheforest­and­savannasurroundingsinwhichitlives，thereforedecidingtheconditionsofexistenceformillionsofotheranimalsthatliveinitshabitat.Itistheelephant’sgreatdesireforfoodthatmakesitbothadisturberoftheenvironmentandanimportantbuilderofitshabitat.Initscontinuoussearchforthe300poundsofplantsitmusthaveeveryday，itkillssmalltreesandbushes，3aswellaspullsbranchesoffbigtrees.ThisresultsinnumerousopenspacesinnotonlydeeptropicalforestsbutalsothewoodlandsthatcoverpartoftheAfricansavannas.Intheseopenspaces，therearenumerousplantsinvariousstagesofgrowth，whichattractavarietyofotherplant­eaters.Taketherainforestsforexample.Intheirnaturalstates，thespreadingbranchesoverheadshutoutsunlightandpreventthegrowthofplantsontheforestfloor.Bypullingdowntreesandeatingplants，elephantscreateopenspaces，allowingnewplantstogrowontheforestfloor.Insuchsituations，theforestsbecomesuitableforlarge­hoofedplant­eaterstomovearoundandforsmall­sizedplant­eaterstoobtaintheirfoodaswell.ScientistsareworriednowthattheAfricanelephanthasbecomeanendangeredspecies.Iftheelephantdiesout，scientistssay，manyotheranimalswillalsodisappearfromvastareasofforestsandsavannas，greatlychangingandworseningthewholeecosystem.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了非洲象对非洲大草原生态系统的巨大影响。5．ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheAfricanelephant________．A．isnowthelargestanimalontheearthB．determinesthelivingconditionsofmillionsofotheranimalsinitshabitatC．hasfar­reachingi