英语语言学习题

填空选择AAcreoleisamixedlanguagewhichhasbecomethemothertongueofaspeechcommunity.Adjacencypairsareafundamentalunitofconversationalstructure.Adialectisavarietyofalanguagethatisdistinctivefromotherregionalvarietiesinvocabulary,grammarandpronunciation.Affectivemeaningiswhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingorattitudeofthespeaker/writertowardwhatisreferredto.Statesmaniscommendinginsensewhilepoliticianisderogatory.Allmetaphorsarecomposedoftwodomains.Thedomaintobeconceptualizediscalledtargetdomain,whiletheconceptualizingdomainistermedthesourcedomain.Analysisofintentionalmeaningnecessarilyinvolvestheinterpretationofwhatpeopledothroughlanguageinaparticularcontext.Anaturallanguageisonethatisthemothertongueofanethniccommunity.Apolysemeisawordwhichhasseveralrelatedsenses.Aregionaldialectisavarietyofalanguagespokenbypeoplelivinginanarea.Associativemeaningisactuallyanumbrellaterm.Itisbasedontheassociationisttheoryofpsychology.Associativemeaningreferstothemeaningassociatedwiththeconceptualmeaning,whichcanbefurtherdividedintofollowingtypes:connotativemeaning,socialmeaningaffectivemeaningreflectedmeaningandcollocativemeaning.Aspeechactconsistsofthreedimensions.Theactofproducingameaningfullinguisticexpressioniscalledlocutionaryact.Theactofcommunicatingintentionthroughutteranceistermedillocutionaryact.Theactofbringingaboutaneffectisknownasperlocutionaryact.BBackformationisaprocessthatcreatesanewwordbydroppingarealorsupposedsuffix.Beautyandsirenbothrefertoagood-lookingwoman,buttheydifferinaffectivemeaning.BilingualismexistsintheQuebecProvince,Canada.Blendingisaprocessthatcreatesnewwordsbyputtingtogethernon-morphemicpartsofexistingwords.Bothprettyandhandsomemeangood-lookingbuttheydifferincollocativemeaning.BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishareregionalvarietiesoftheEnglishlanguage.BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,AustralianEnglish,IndianEnglish,etc.areallgeographicaldialects.CCategorizationreferstotheprocessbywhichpeopleuselanguagetoclassifytheworldaroundandinsidethem.Childrenallundergobabbling,holophrastic,two-word,andthetelegraphicspeechstagesoflanguagedevelopment.Conversionisaprocessthatputsanexistingwordofoneclassintoanotherclass.Code-switchingreferstothefactthataspeakerchangesfromonelanguagetotheotherindifferentsituationsorwhentalkingaboutdifferenttopics.DEFGDerivationformsawordbyaddinganaffixtoafreemorpheme.Dialectalsynonymsarewordswhicharesimilarinmeaningbutusedindifferentdialectsofthelanguage.Euphemismisanexpressionthatsubstitutesonewhichmaybeseenasoffensiveordisturbingtotheaddressee.Fieldisconcernedwiththepurposeandsubject-matterofcommunications.Gradableantonymsarepairsofwordsoppositetoeachother,butthepositiveofoneworddoesnotnecessarilyimplythenegativeoftheother,orviceversa.Grice’stheoryofCooperativePrincipleis,fundamentallyspeaking,logic-oriented.HHomonymsarewordswhichhavethesameform,butdifferentmeaning.Humanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmetalanguage.Hyponymyisarelationofinclusion.Tiger,lion,elephantarehyponymsofthewordanimal.Wordslikeanimalarecalledsuperordinates.Hyponymyisusedtorefertoaspecific-generalsemanticrelationshipbetweenlexicalitems.Dogandcataresubordinatesoflivestock.IIntraditionalterminology,antonymsarewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.InChina,foreignlanguageteachingiscomposedofactivitiesonfourlevels,thefirstofwhichiseducationalplanning.Inholophrasticstage,childrenusesinglewordstorepresentvariousmeanings.Interlanguageistheapproximatelanguagesystemthatthelearnerconstructsforuseincommunicationthroughthetargetlanguage.Inacommunicativesyllabus,theobjectiveofteachingaforeignlanguageisdevelopinglearner’sCommunicativecompetence.Intheaspectofaffectivemeaning,statesmaniscommendinginsensewhilepoliticianisderogatoy.Inordertoavoidrepetitionthewriterneedstouseasynonymtoreplaceawordusedinthepreviousco-textwhenhe/shewantstocontinuetoaddressthatidea.Itisfoundthatchildrenallundergocertainstagesoflanguagedevelopment,namelythebabblingstage,holophrasticstage,thetwo-wordstage,andthetelegraphicspeechstage.JKL“Johnexplainedthetheory”isaverbalprocessaccordingtoHalliday.Krashen’sMonitorTheorybelongstonativisttheories.Languageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.MNMinimalpairscanbeexemplifiedbymoon/noon.Modeisrelatedtohowwecommunicate,throughspeechorwriting.Nativespeakersofanylanguageintuitivelyknowwhatsoundscanbeputtogether.nativisttheoriesarethosethatattempttoexplainacquisitiononthebasisofassuminganinnatebiologicalendowmentthatmakeslearningpossible.PRPlacedeixisspecifiesthelocationsrelativetothespeechevent.Pragmaticsanalysisisconcernedwithspeakermeaning.Registerisatermwidelyusedinsociolinguisticstoreferto“varietiesaccordingtouse”,incontrastwithregionaldialectsandsociolects,bothofwhichare“varietiesaccordingtouser”.Referentialtheoryholdsthatalinguisticsignderivesitsmeaningfromthatwhichrefersto.SSemanticsisdefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Semanticsreferstotheanalysisofmeaning.Someschemassuchasthecontainerschemaarestatic;othersaredynamic.SodiumChlorideandsalt,whichdenotethesam