2021.06四级真题第三套

PartIWritingDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaytitled“Doviolentvideogamesleadtoviolence?“.Thestatementgivenbelowisforyourreference.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Agrowingbodyofresearchfindsthatviolentvideogamescanmakekidsactaggressivelyintheirrealworldrelationships,causinganincreaseinviolence.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Nowadaysyoucan’tbuyanythingwithoutthenbeingaskedtoprovidearatingofacompany’sperformanceonafive-starscale.I’vebeenaskedtoratemy“store26“ontheEFTPOSterminalbeforeIcanpay.Eventhemost27activities,suchascallingTelstraorpickingupaparcelfromAustraliaPost,arefollowedbytextsoremailswithsurveysasking,“Howdidwedo?”Onlinepurchasesare28followedupbyacustomersatisfactionsurvey.Companiesaresoahitofstarsthatifyoudeletethesurveythecompanysendsyouanotherone.29forWe’re30torateourappswhenwe’vebarelyhadachancetousethem.OneonlinecourseproviderIuseasksyouwhatyouthinkofthecourseafteryou’veonlycompleted312percentofit.EconomistJasonMurphysaysthatcompaniesusecustomersatisfactionratingsbecausea32displayofstarfeedbackhasbecomethenuclearpowersourcesofthemoderneconomy.However,youcan’thelpbut33ifthesecompaniesarebasingtheirbusinessonfabrications(捏造的东西).I34thatwithonlinesurveysIjustclickthe35that’sclosesttomymousecursor(光标)togetthedamnthingoffmyscreen.OftenthestarratingIgivehasfarmoretodowiththekindofdayI’mhavingthanthepurchaseIjustmade.A)announceB)commonplaceC)confessD)desperateE)experienceSectionBF)fascinatedG)optionH)promptedI)roughlyK)shiningL)showeringM)varietyN)voyageO)wonderJ)routinelyDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Scienceofsetbacks:HowfailurecanimprovecareerprospectsA)Howdoearlycareersetbacksaffectourlong-termsuccess?Failurescanhelpuslearnandovercomeourfears.Butdisasterscanstillwoundus.Theycanscrewusupandsetusback.Wouldn’titbeniceiftherewasgenuine,scientificallydocumentedtruthtotheexpression“whatdoesn’tkillyoumakesyoustronger”?B)Onewaysocialscientistshaveprobedtheeffectsofcareersetbacksistolookatscientistsofverysimilarqualifications.Thesescientists,forreasonsthataremostlyarbitrary,eitherjustmissedgettingaresearchgrantorjustbarelymadeit.Insocialsciences,thisisknownasexamining“nearmisses”and“narrowwins”inareaswheremeritissubjective.Thatallowsresearcherstomeasureonlytheeffectsofbeingchosenornot.Studiesinthisareahavefoundconflictingresults.Inthecompetitivegameofbiomedicalscience,researchhasbeendoneonscientistswhonarrowlylostorwongrantmoney.Itsuggeststhatnarrowwinnersbecomeevenbiggerwinnersdowntheline.Inotherwords,therichgetricher.C)A2018studypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,forexample,followedresearchersintheNetherlands.Researchersconcludedthatthosewhojustbarelyqualifiedforagrantwereabletogettwiceasmuchmoneywithinthenexteightyearsasthosewhojustmissedout.Andthenarrowwinnerswere50percentmorelikelytobegivenaprofessorship.D)OthersintheUShavefoundsimilareffectswithNationalInstitutesofHealthearly-careerfellowshipslaunchingnarrowwinnersfaraheadofcloselosers.ThephenomenonisoftenreferredtoastheMattheweffect,inspiredbytheBible’swisdomthattothosewhohave,morewillbegiven.There’sagoodexplanationforthephenomenoninthebookTheFormula:TheUniversalLawsofSuccessbyAlbertLaszloBarabasi.AccordingtoBarabasi,it’seasierandlessriskyforthoseinpositionsofpowertochoosetohandawardsandfundingtothosewho’vealreadybeensorecognized.E)Thisisbadnewsforthelosers.Smallearlycareersetbacksseemtohaveadisproportionateeffectdowntheline.Whatdidn’tkillthemmadethemweaker.Butotherstudiesusingthesametechniquehaveshownthere’ssometimesnopenaltytoanearmiss.Studentswhojustmissgettingintotophighschoolsoruniversitiesdojustaswelllaterinlifeasthosewhojustmanagetogetaccepted.Inthiscase,whatdidn’tkillthemsimplydidn’tmatter.Soisthereanyevidencethatsetbacksmightactuallyimproveourcareerprospects?Thereisnow.F)InastudypublishedinNatureCommunications,NorthwesternUniversitysociologistDashunWangtrackedmorethan1,100scientistswhowereontheborderbetweengettingagrantandmissingoutbetween1990and2005.Hefollowedvariousmeasuresofperformanceoverthenextdecade.Theseincludedhowmanypaperstheyauthoredandhowinfluentialthosepaperswere,asmeasuredbythenumberofsubsequentcitations.Asexpected,therewasamuchhigherrateofattrition(减员)amongscientistswhodidn’tgetgrants.Butamongthosewhostayedon,thecloselosersperformedevenbetterthanthenarrowwinners.Tomakesurethiswasn’tbychance,W